Did the Denominational name begin on shaky ground? At the beginning of TCotN [The Church of the Nazarene] both Phineas Bresee and Joseph Widney were made general superintendent "for life". This info is from the book by Carl Bangs "Phineas F. Bresee", 1995, Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City. p. 196-197; He goes on to write that the naming of the Church was the work of Joseph Widney. "For Widney, the name "Church of the Nazarene" conveyed nothing explicit about the Methodist doctrine or the experiences of conversion and entire sanctification. It was much more an expression of late-nineteenth-century "Jesus of history" theology, which preferred the name "Jesus" to the more exalted name "Jesus Christ." The "Jesus of history" was not so much the eternal Second Person of the Trinity who on the Cross made a full, perfect, and sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and satisfaction for the sins of the whole world," as He was the human Person remembered for words and deeds whom Christians were to follow as Teacher and Example. Widney's subsequent religious pilgrimage bears out the connoation of low Christology, and also low ecclesiology, that the term suggested." It is suggested that Bresee accepted the Name because he did not know Widney's true theology. To Bresee the name "Nazarene" represented Jesus association with the common man. So what was the outcome with Widney? He became increasing seperated from the Nazarenes and eventually started his own church. "He wrote a number of books on the borderline of politics, history, and culture. These were laced with mysticism and with a core theme of Aryan racial theory (Q. Nazism?). He developed a syncetistic religion followed by relatives and friends in his privately built "Beth-El", A Chapel and Manse of the Church of the All-Father" (or "All Fader")." (P. 214). Notice that this was not someone outside the Naz. throwing mud. This was published by Beacon Hill. Are we seeing sowing and reaping? It is amazing to me how quickly things seemed to change. Yet as we see from the origins our name, one of our first Generals began on shaky ground. -- posted by Robert Bruce Fruehling at 'Concerned Nazarenes' Facebook Page

Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss Protestant leader in the Reformation. Ulrich Zwingli is not as famous as the likes as Martin Luther or John Calvin but he did play his part in the break with the Roman Catholic Church. Ulrich (sometimes spelt Huldreich) Zwingli was born in 1484. He attended universities at Basle and Vienna and served as a parish priest in Glarus, Switzerland. Zwingli went with soldiers from Glarus to fight in the Habsburg-Valois Wars and between 1516 and 1518 he started to question the whole issue of Catholicism as Humanism started to make an impression on him. It is possible that Zwingli did not read any Lutheran literature until he moved in 1518 to Zurich as a Common Preacher (Leutpriester) at the Great Minster. It was at the Great Minster that Zwingli stated what is called the Zurich Reformation with sermons that were based on the Bible. Zwingli soon converted the city's council to his points of view. The council pushed the city into becoming a stronghold of Protestantism and Zurich's lead was followed by Berne and Basle. -- Zwingli's '67 Articles' (1523 A.D.) were adopted by Zurich as the city's official doctrine and the city experienced rapid reform. Preaching and Bible readings - known as prophesyings - were made more frequent; images and relics were frowned on, clerical marriage was allowed, monks and nuns were encouraged to come out of their isolated existence, monasteries were dissolved and their wealth was used to fund education and poor relief. In 1525, Zurich broke with Rome and the Mass became a very simple ceremony using both bread and blood which merely represented the body and blood of Christ. The church of Zwingli attempted to control moral behaviour and strict supervision became common in Zurich. -- As with Martin Luther and John Calvin, the problem Zwingli faced was that some people were concerned that he had gone too far too soon while others, especially the Anabaptists, felt that he had not gone far enough. The Anabaptists were dealt with when Zwingli fell in with the city's magistrates and supported the move to exile the Anabaptists or if they refused to leave the city, deal with them in another way - drowning. -- Zwingli and Luther met at Marburg in 1529 in an attempt to unite the Protestant faiths. This meeting failed to do this. Both men could not reach an agreement on what Christ said at the Last Supper. Luther believed that 'this is my body' meant just that whereas Zwingli believed that 'my' meant signifies. Such disunity among the Protestant faiths only served to encourage the Catholic Church that the Counter-Reformation was having an impact. -- Though Zurich became a stronghold of Protestantism, the areas surrounding the city remained wary of a resurgent Catholic Church. They also feared that Zurich might become too powerful and assert its city powers within these regions. Also the area around Zurich was famed for the mercenaries it provided and such a 'profession' was frowned on by Zwingli. In 1529, these areas around Zurich formed the Christian Union and joined with the catholic Austrian monarchy. Zwingli preached a religious war against them and two campaigns were launched in 1529 and 1531. Zwingli was killed at the Battle of Keppel in October 1531. His work was continued by his son-in-law, Heinrich Bullinger.

Lawrence's interpretation, however narrow and flawed, does highlight an indisputable element of Grazzini's tale of Dr. Manente: its cruelty and "monstrosity," traits that, I will argue, provide insight into the social structures of the mid-sixteenth century, particularly those that rely upon coersion and force. In Florence, how did one family--the Medici--secure their power after over a century of struggle, and how did they come to construct a myth of their own legitimacy? ... It is important to remember that, from 1494--when the friar himself gained widespread support and offered a major threat to the rule of the Medici family--until long after his execution in 1498, Savonarola bequeathed a powerful religious and political vision that was not dependent on his leadership for survival--a fact that fascinated the political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli. Savonarola's followers--called the Piagnoni first by their enemies and later, proudly, by themselves--remained politically active after his execution, through the Republic that lasted until 1513, when the first Medici pope, Leo X, used the considerable influence of this position to help his family and their allies to return to Florence, and again after the sack of Rome in 1527, which occurred during the pontificate of another Medici, Clement VII. The Piagnoni continued to be active even after the Medici, first Alessandro and then Cosimo I, openly turned Florence onto the path of absolutism [unlimited, centralized authority and absolute sovereignty] by accepting the [nobility] title of Duke. ... Lorenzo's manipulation of the Church comes into play in the next phase of the beffa. ... At this point, Grazzini emphasizes not only that many friars and priests were ignorant, but, more importantly, that the kind of people Lorenzo elevated to positions of power in the Florentine church hierarchy were either superstitious [occult] or corrupt, criticisms that Savonarola also often made of the Medici.

Warren Gatland did not think rebuilding Wales during his second stint in charge would be so painful with the national side having lost 10 consecutive Tests.

Acousia Therapeutics GmbH, a Tübingen-based clinical stage biotech company focused on the enhancement and preservation of natural hearing, will be presenting the ACOU085 Phase 2 PROHEAR clinical study at the HansonWade 4th Inner Ear Disorders Therapeutics Summit in Boston (MA) from August 20–22, and at the 36th World Congress of Audiology from September 19–22, 2024.

Otherworld Cottage Industries owner Travis Edward Pike, and music and pop culture author Harvey Kubernik are kranking out the latest news as fast as tomorrow's headlines.

Redideo Studio, a San Diego-based creative agency, has launched a Free Ad Script Generator designed to help small businesses create professional-quality video advertising scripts with ease and efficiency. The tool uses a special formula to guide users through crafting scripts that capture attention, effectively communicate brand messages, and encourage viewer action, making it ideal for TikTok-style video ads and 30-second radio spots.

Did you know that nearly 96 percent of your first-time visitors are not ready to purchase from your website right away? That means in most cases, in order to make a sale, you need to encourage your visitors to return more often to your site.

Retargeting is the best way to target your first-time visitors on different marketing channels and encourage them to return to your site. Since retargeting helps you to target your existing prospects, it will likely boost more engagement than untargeted ads, making your entire campaign cheaper and cost-effective.

complete article

Seventeen-year-old Avi Schiffmann is an entrepreneur. But he is a different kind of entrepreneur. He’s not in it for the profits, fame and continued growth opportunities. At least, not right now.

Schiffmann, a high school teenager who lives in Washington State, has attracted worldwide attention through his amazing Survival Rate Calculator website, which tracks critical information related to the coronavirus outbreak. Since launching the site during the early stages of the pandemic, Schiffmann's web crawlers have been configured to pull in, parse and process real time data from the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and other governmental websites and convert that data to show infections, deaths, recoveries and rates of change for all countries around the world. The site breaks down infections on user-friendly maps, provides health information and also attempts to calculate a survival rate of someone who contracts COVID-19, based on user-submitted health data of age, gender and other health factors.

Is the site popular? You bet. According to a profile of Schiffmann on Business Insider, the site attracts about 30 million visitors a day and 700 million total so far.

Cory Terry Died After Drinking Red Bull, $85 Million Wrongful Death Suit Claims, is the title of a recent article in the Huffington Post that reports on a rather unusual death. Cory Terry downed a Red Bull when he finished a basketball game and a few minutes later he died of a heart attack. Red Bull comes in different formulations, the dark blue normal and a - supposedly more healthy - 'diet' or sugar free version, which is the light blue one. To be sure, we don't know which one Terry preferred. Was it the normal or the diet version that killed him? Betty Martini believes it was 'diet' and that the damage was done by a specific ingredient: the aspartame that supplants sugar in the diet version. Betty says she knows of other cases of athletes having heart attacks after consuming soft drinks that contain aspartame. She has been trying to alert press and authorities to the dangers of the methanol-containing sweetener. I am reproducing her lengthy email here because she goes into considerable detail. If you love diet drinks or know someone who does, read this or let them read it. The data might save your life. Here goes Betty Martini......

Published at LXer: Linus Torvalds announced today the general availability for public testing of the first Release Candidate (RC) development milestone of the upcoming Linux 6.12 kernel series. ...

Der US-amerikanische Präsidentschaftskandidat Ben Carson vertritt eine abenteuerliche Theorie über die ägyptischen Pyramiden: nach seiner Überzeugung dienten diese als Getreidespeicher. Diese Theorie verkündete er bereits im Jahre 1998 und wiederholte sie vor kurzem gegenüber dem Nachrichtensender CBS. Bis 2013 war er der heute 64jährige Carson als Facharzt für Neurochirurgie tätig ...

Vingo running app offers the runner an immersive experience for indoor running.

Put simply, a podcast is a web series in an audio format. It can be downloaded by the listener or it can be streamed. The joy of the podcast is that you can listen to them wherever you are. Whether you’re in the car, in the house, on the train, or doing the ironing.

Many people find podcast series that they love and will avidly listen to every episode. Some podcasts have such great followings that they spawn live tours, books, and other merchandise.

Although podcasts have seen a meteoric rise in popularity in recent years, the root of podcasts actually goes all the way back to the 1980s when they were called audio blogs.

But it wasn’t high-speed broadband and the invention of Apple iPods and smartphones came along that the world was ready for the podcast. The rise in internet speeds that made downloading or streaming podcasts possible timed itself well with the perfect devices to listen to them on.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 1. This release is the first release candidate for 7.1.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 1 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found on windows.php.net/qa/. The second release candidate will be released on the 15th of September. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 2. This release is the second release candidate for 7.1.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 2 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found on windows.php.net/qa/. The third release candidate will be released on the 29th of September. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 3. This release is the third release candidate for 7.1.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 3 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found on windows.php.net/qa/. The fourth release candidate will be released on the 13th of October. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 4. This release is the fourth release candidate for 7.1.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 4 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found on windows.php.net/qa/. The fifth release candidate will be released on the 27th of October. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 5. This release is the fifth release candidate for 7.1.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 5 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found on windows.php.net/qa/. The sixth and last release candidate will be released on the 10th of November. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 6. This release is the sixth and final release candidate for 7.1.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.1.0 Release Candidate 6 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found on windows.php.net/qa/. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.2.0 Release Candidate 1. This release is the first Release Candidate for 7.2.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.2.0 Release Candidate 1 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found at windows.php.net/qa/. The second Release Candidate will be released on the 14th of September. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.2.0 RC2. This release is the second Release Candidate for 7.2.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.2.0 Release Candidate 2 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found at windows.php.net/qa/. The next Release Candidate will be announced on the 28th of September. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.2.0 RC3. This release is the third Release Candidate for 7.2.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.2.0 Release Candidate 3 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found at windows.php.net/qa/. The next Release Candidate will be announced on the 12th of October. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.2.0 RC4. This release is the fourth Release Candidate for 7.2.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.2.0 Release Candidate 4 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found at windows.php.net/qa/. The next Release Candidate will be announced on the 26th of October. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP development team announces the immediate availability of PHP 7.2.0 RC5. This release is the fifth Release Candidate for 7.2.0. All users of PHP are encouraged to test this version carefully, and report any bugs and incompatibilities in the bug tracking system. THIS IS A DEVELOPMENT PREVIEW - DO NOT USE IT IN PRODUCTION! For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. For source downloads of PHP 7.2.0 Release Candidate 5 please visit the download page, Windows sources and binaries can be found at windows.php.net/qa/. The next Release Candidate will be announced on the 9th of November. You can also read the full list of planned releases on our wiki. Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP team is pleased to announce the eighth testing release of PHP 8.0.0, Release Candidate 1. At this time, we're not planning to adjust the GA date, however this may change during the course of the RC cycle. The updated release schedule can, as always, be found on the PHP Wiki page about the PHP 8.0. For source downloads of PHP 8.0.0 Release Candidate 1 please visit the download page.Please carefully test this version and report any issues found in the bug reporting system.Please DO NOT use this version in production, it is an early test version. For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. The next release will be the Release Candidate 2, planned for Oct 15 2020.The signatures for the release can be found in the manifest or on the QA site.Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP team is pleased to announce the ninth testing release of PHP 8.0.0, Release Candidate 2. At this time, we're not planning to adjust the GA date, however this may change during the course of the RC cycle. The updated release schedule can, as always, be found on the PHP Wiki page about the PHP 8.0. For source downloads of PHP 8.0.0 Release Candidate 2 please visit the download page.Please carefully test this version and report any issues found in the bug reporting system.Please DO NOT use this version in production, it is an early test version. For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. The next release will be the Release Candidate 3, planned for Oct 29 2020.The signatures for the release can be found in the manifest or on the QA site.Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP team is pleased to announce the tenth testing release of PHP 8.0.0, Release Candidate 3. At this time, we're not planning to adjust the GA date, however this may change during the course of the RC cycle. The updated release schedule can, as always, be found on the PHP Wiki page about the PHP 8.0. For source downloads of PHP 8.0.0 Release Candidate 3 please visit the download page.Please carefully test this version and report any issues found in the bug reporting system.Please DO NOT use this version in production, it is an early test version. For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. The next release will be the Release Candidate 4, planned for Nov 12 2020.The signatures for the release can be found in the manifest or on the QA site.Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP team is pleased to announce the tenth testing release of PHP 8.0.0, Release Candidate 4. At this time, we're not planning to adjust the GA date, however this may change during the course of the RC cycle. The updated release schedule can, as always, be found on the PHP Wiki page about the PHP 8.0. For source downloads of PHP 8.0.0 Release Candidate 4 please visit the download page.Please carefully test this version and report any issues found in the bug reporting system.Please DO NOT use this version in production, it is an early test version. For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. The next release will be the General Availability, planned for Nov 26 2020.The signatures for the release can be found in the manifest or on the QA site.Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

The PHP team is pleased to announce the eleventh testing release of PHP 8.0.0, Release Candidate 5. This is an extra unplanned release, but we're not planning to adjust the GA date, however, this may change during the course of the RC cycle. The updated release schedule can, as always, be found on the PHP Wiki page about the PHP 8.0. For source downloads of PHP 8.0.0 Release Candidate 5 please visit the download page.Please carefully test this version and report any issues found in the bug reporting system.Please DO NOT use this version in production, it is an early test version. For more information on the new features and other changes, you can read the NEWS file, or the UPGRADING file for a complete list of upgrading notes. These files can also be found in the release archive. The next release will be the General Availability, planned for Nov 26 2020.The signatures for the release can be found in the manifest or on the QA site.Thank you for helping us make PHP better.

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[Nile Post] President Museveni is expected to visit Kisoro District today to support National Resistance Movement (NRM) candidate Rose Kabagyeni in the District Woman Member of Parliament by-election.

[Africa Check] No, South African political party the Democratic Alliance didn't hoist a giant Israeli flag on Cape Town's iconic Table Mountain

When Modi was mouthing that Nalanda was burnt by foreign invaders, it fell in the same category of falsehoods which are used to spread hatred against Muslims.

Japanese researchers have launched the world's first wooden satellite, LignoSat, to explore wood's potential as an eco-friendly material for space technology. This groundbreaking mission aims to test wood's resilience in space and reduce satellite pollution upon re-entry.

Odido laat weten in de herfst een FWA-aanbod landelijk te lanceren onder de naam Klik&Klaar Internet. Het maakt gebruik van het 5G-netwerk en de recent geveilde 3,5 GHz-band voor de beste dekking. De maximumsnelheid zal naar verwachting (minimaal) 300 Mbps zijn...

Onlangs schreven wij over de impact van de UEFA-uitzendingen op VodafoneZiggo. Extra omzet uit Ziggo Sport Totaal en het vasthouden van bestaande en het winnen van nieuwe klanten zijn de positieve kanten. Daar staan hogere programmakosten tegenover, die wij op jaarbasis met grofweg EUR 200 miljoen zien toenemen...

Odido lanceert Klik&Klaar Internet landelijk en tegen een concurrerend tarief. Het maakt van 5G een serieuze concurrent op de internetmarkt. De risico's zijn kannibalisatie en technologie - kan het netwerk het aan? Dat zal de consument zich ook afvragen. Daardoor is de kwaliteitsperceptie een cruciale succesfactor...

KPN rapporteert de resultaten over het derde kwartaal op 28 oktober. De markt verwacht een hogere omzet maar een lagere marge...

Flirty and casual responses to send your crush or loved onesYou wake up, roll over, and grab your phone to find a message from your crush, “Good morning! How did you sleep?” You bolt upright in bed. You have to respond, but how? When someone asks, “How did you sleep?” they want to know how your evening was—they’re starting a conversation. So, what do you do if someone sends you this text first thing in the morning? Try sending them one of these friendly or flirty responses.

Summary: The abundance of X.509 certificate authorities who already perform identity proofing for businesses provides a rich resource that can be leveraged to boot the verifiable data ecosystem.

When you used a verifiable credential to prove something about yourself, the verifier can know cryptographically: (1) the identifiers for the issuer, (2) the credential hasn't been tampered with, (3) the credential was issued to you, and (4) the credential hasn't been revoked. These four checks are important because their establish the fidelity of the data being transferred. They don't, however, tell them whether they can trust the issuer. For that, they need to take the issuer's decentralized identifier (DID) that they got from credential presentation and determine who it belongs to.

At the most recent Internet Identity Workshop, Drummond Reed gave a session on how X.509 certificates could help with this. The first step, like always, is to resolve the DID and retrieve the DIDDoc that associates keys and endpoints with the DID. The endpoint can be an HTTP server and, of course, should have an X.509 certificate providing TLS security. That certificate, at the very least, has a a domain name to bind that to the certificate's public key. It can, if you pay for the feature, also include information about the entity that applied for the certificate. The certificate authority proofs that information and is vouching for it when they sign the certificate.

The key to making the X.509 certificate useful for checking the provenance of a DID lies in one key change. X.509 certificates can contain and extended field called a Subject Alternative Name. This following figure shows how it can help.

In this figure:

1. The issuer (Attestor) creates the DID they will use to issue the certificate along with its associated DIDDoc, including an HTTP endpoint for DID verification.
2. Attestor applies for a X.509 certificate for that endpoint, including in the application the DID they created in (1).
3. The certificate authority does it's usual proofing of the application and issues a certificate that includes the DID in the Subject Alternative Name field.
4. The issuer creates a credential definition in the usual way that includes their DID and writes it to whatever Verifiable Data Registry their DID method dictates.
5. Attestor issues a credential to a holder (Alice) using that credential definition.
6. At some later time, Alice presents the credential to the verifier (Certiphi).
7. Certiphi resolves the DID to get the DIDDoc and retrieves the verfication endpoint from the DIDDoc
8. Certiphi retrieves the certificate for that endpoint¹.
9. Certiphi verifies the certificate by checking it's signature and ensures that the DID in the DIDDoc for the credential matches the one in certificate.²

The issuer's DID has now been tied in a verifiable way to whatever information is in the certificate. Provided the certificate includes information about the entity beyond the domain name, the verifier can use that information to determine whether or not the credential is authentic (i.e., issued by who the credential definition purports issued it). That might be all the evidence they need to determine whether to trust the entity. Certificate authorities could also issue verifiable credentials to the customer attesting the same verified claims—after all, it's one more product they can offer.

The benefit of doing issuer validation using X.509 certificates is that there are already many trusted X.509 certificate authorities in business who already do proofing of attributes about businesses. That's a huge chunk of the verifiable data ecosystem that doesn't need to be built because it can be leveraged. To make this work, digital certificate authorities would need to start offering to validate DIDs and include them in a certificate as a Subject Alternative Name. I don't discount that this will take some bureaucratic maneuvering. Certificate authorities will need to see a business opportunity. I'd love to see Digitcert or someone do a pilot on this.

Notes

1. Note that this step might be combined with the previous step if the Verifiable Data Registry is the same server as the endpoint, but that's not necessarily going to be the case for a number of reasons.
2. Note that this does not create a call back wherein Attestor can determine which credential was used, preserving the privacy of the presentation. Attestor does know one of its credentials has been presented to Certiphi. If this information leakage bothers you, then any web-based DID method is potentially a problem.

Tags: identity ssi decentralized+identifiers verifiable+credentials x.509

Recientemente en el equipo de Comscore hemos tenido la oportunidad de participar en eventos de industria en los que con agrado escuchamos que los ponentes y participantes de paneles han retomado varios de los indicadores de este estudio para sustentar la evolución de Connected TV (CTV), OTT y Addressable Advertising en Latam pero, sobre todo, para resaltar la oportunidad publicitaria de este fenómeno para los anunciantes.

Fr. John discusses an Orthodox Christian response when asked, "What did Jesus say about homosexuality?"

Jesus heals a woman on the Sabbath Day and this reveals the hypocritical hearts of those around Him!

On the Sunday of the Last Judgement we see both the Righteous and the Unrighteous as the Lord the Same Question!

On Forgiveness Sunday we remember Adam and Eve being sent out of the Garden of Eden. Why? For Punishment? The answer may surprise you!