We model optimal e-cigarette regulation and estimate key sufficient statistics. Using tax changes and scanner data, we estimate relatively elastic demand and limited substitution between e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. In sample surveys, historical smoking declines for high- and low-vaping demographics were unchanged after e-cigarettes were introduced; this demographic shift-share identification also suggests limited substitution. We field a new survey of experts, who report that vaping is almost as harmful as smoking cigarettes. In our model, these results imply that current e-cigarette taxes are far below the social optimum, but Monte Carlo simulations highlight substantial uncertainty.

COSTA RICA is a name to send a chill down any Scotsman’s spine. For me it’s up there with Peru when I think of football nightmares on a world stage.

Charlie Methven features prominently in the new season of Sunderland 'Til I Die - but how much is the club's former executive director worth?

Trivia includes special guest appearances by racing legends A.J. Foyt, Mario Andretti and Dario Franchitti.

He expected to be incredibly busy immediately after the birth of his son Gordon, but Charlie Kimball has thoroughly enjoyed more family time.

High School basketball teams competed in the Charlie Hughes Shootout on Saturday, June 29, 2019.

“I can’t go back,” says Philippe Lançon, who wrote a memoir about his recovery from the massacre.

"You don't predict the future -- you imagine the future," says sci-fi writer Charlie Jane Anders. In a talk that's part dream, part research-based extrapolation, she takes us on a wild, speculative tour of the delights and challenges the future may hold -- and shows how dreaming up weird, futuristic possibilities empowers us to construct a better tomorrow.

THE market for TV historians is crowded and fiercely competitive. Drop your guard for a second and Dan Snow or Bettany Hughes will be in the door and taking your gig faster than you can don a pair of those special white gloves all in the trade must have. Lucy Worsley made her name by combining immense knowledge – she is the chief curator at Historic Royal Palaces – with a steadfast dedication to raiding the dressing up box.

Brooker's wry look at the world's events last aired in December 2016

'I don't know what stomach there would be for stories about societies falling apart, so I'm not working away on one of those'

Writer also said he has no plans for further episodes of 'Black Mirror'

Brooker says he's coping with the crisis "far better than I would have anticipated"

Love Wins

Berkshire's phone has not been ringing with executives asking for rescue capital amid the coronavirus outbreak, Charlie Munger told The Wall Street Journal.

Instead, it will be Greg Abel, Berkshire's vice chairman of non-insurance operations, taking previously submitted questions with Warren Buffett.

React Native continues on a development spree in late 2016. With an ambitious two-week release cycle, the framework makes rapid progress towards feature and performance parity with its native Android and iOS equivalents. At the same time, these quick release periods frequently introduce breaking changes, difficulty with setup, and challenges with basic configuration.

Enter Exponent, a tool that promises easier setup, development, and deployment of React Native applications. Rather than being a replacement for React Native, as it is sometimes confused, Exponent augments React Native by dramatically simplifying the development and deployment processes. Whereas basic setup with an Android environment to develop with React Native can take over an hour by hand, even for experienced engineers, Exponent shortens the time to start to “Hello World” to a handful of minutes.

React Native continues on a development spree in late 2016. With an ambitious two-week release cycle, the framework makes rapid progress towards feature and performance parity with its native Android and iOS equivalents. At the same time, these quick release periods frequently introduce breaking changes, difficulty with setup, and challenges with basic configuration.

Enter Exponent, a tool that promises easier setup, development, and deployment of React Native applications. Rather than being a replacement for React Native, as it is sometimes confused, Exponent augments React Native by dramatically simplifying the development and deployment processes. Whereas basic setup with an Android environment to develop with React Native can take over an hour by hand, even for experienced engineers, Exponent shortens the time to start to “Hello World” to a handful of minutes.

Exponent’s prime feature is revealed as it’s namesake IDE. The Exponent IDE is development platform for not only developing apps to test in their respective environment simulators, but also simplifies testing them on real devices.

One of the cofounders of Exponent, Charlie Cheever, agreed to answer a few questions about Exponent and its purpose in the community.

Hi, Charlie. Congrats on the release of Exponent! One of the toughest aspects of Exponent is understanding what its purpose is. What is the primary goal of Exponent?

Thanks :)

Before I worked on mobile software, I spent about 15 years making websites. When I started working on the Quora iPhone app and Android app, it felt like time traveling back to 1993. So many things to worry about that have nothing to do with the product you want to build.

One thing we’re trying to do with Exponent is making it as easy to develop native mobile apps as it is to make websites, or even easier! I think about how I learned to build software as a kid–making games on my TI-85 and making Hypercard stacks–and I want to make it so that the middle school kids of today can make cool stuff for themselves and their friends.

Basic environment setup of the iOS and Android simulators for developing React Native apps is commonly cited as a headache by new developers. What does Exponent do to alleviate this pain?

The biggest thing that Exponent does is take care of everything related to native code for you. So you don’t need to know Swift/Obj-C/Java or even have Xcode or Android Studio to be able to write React Native apps. You write just JavaScript and Exponent has everything else already setup for you.

Since you don’t write any native code with Exponent, just JavaScript, Exponent has a lot of the most popular native modules built in. Native maps, push notifications, Facebook and Google login, camera and camera roll access, contacts, TouchID, and a native video player are all included among other things. We’re always adding more of these as well. We just added full OpenGL support last week and did a game jam and made some mini games with it and are adding sound soon.

We sometimes talk about Exponent as being like Rails for React Native. You could write a website in Ruby on your own. but Rails sets up a bunch of sensible things right off that bat that work together in a coherent way and we kind of do the same thing for React Native. Exponent includes instant app updating as a default, so you can deploy new code and assets with one command in seconds, even faster than most websites can be deployed.

Even after getting set up with the Android and iOS simulators, testing a React Native app on a real phone can still be a challenge. How does Exponent make it easier to share apps in progress with would-be users?

You can actually open any Exponent project that you’re working on in our development app right away. When you develop with Exponent, you get a URL for your project, and you can open that URL on any phone with the Exponent developer app which you can download from the iOS App Store or Google Play Store. You don’t need to jack your phone into your computer–just open the URL.

Another really cool thing about this is that, if you’re working with someone else, you can just send them the URL and they can open it on their phone as well, even if they are halfway around the world.

We’ve done a bunch of work to make this pretty nice, like having console.log work even if the phone running your code isn’t plugged into your computer. And you can, of course, open your project on the iOS Simulator or an Android Emulator as well if you prefer.

I know you mentioned a lot of people have trouble getting React Native setup on Android especially. With Exponent, every project works on both iOS and Android from the start and you never have to deal with Android Studio, so the process of getting going is much easier.

What type, or genre, of application would be a good fit with React Native and Exponent?

I would actually use React Native for almost any mobile app at this point. Doing development the traditional way (writing Swift/Java/Obj-C code) is just too hard to iterate on when you consider the slowness of the code-compile-copy-run loop and the fact that you have to write your app twice (and then keep it in sync!). The other thing that is an absolutely huge deal here but is sometimes overlooked is the layout engine. It’s much easier to build and change a layout in React Native’s Flexbox than any of the UI libraries that I’ve seen for Java/Swift/Obj-C.

And if you need to do something really intense, like Snapchat live video filters, you can just write your own code as a native module and write the rest of your app in JS.

I would use Exponent for anything I could because it just saves a lot of time and headaches since you don’t need to deal with Android Studio or Xcode. Some people don’t know that you can turn an Exponent project into an app store app for iOS or for Android with just one command.

In general, Exponent will work for you in pretty much every case where just having a mobile website is one of the things that you’re considering. The features are pretty equivalent except that Exponent apps feel like native apps and mobile apps still feel like mobile web apps.

The main reason not to use Exponent is if you have some custom native code that you need that isn’t included with Exponent. The most common reasons that people can’t use Exponent are if they need use Bluetooth or HealthKit or something else low level that isn’t built in to Exponent; or if they need to integrate into an existing project (though we are working right now on a solution that will let you do this).

The exception to all this is games. If you are making a mobile game, Unity is probably the best choice for you. But we did add OpenGL support to Exponent recently and had a game jam and I was surprised at how good some of the entries were, so I think that might change.

TL;DR: For apps that aren’t games, always use React Native (if you need to do something super custom, just do it as a native module). If you can, use Exponent (you can most of the time but check our docs to make sure we’re not missing anything you need).

One aspect of React Native that seems to be undergoing constant flux is its solution for navigation. Between the built in Navigators and open source solutions, do you have any thoughts on an ideal solution for navigation?

Short version: I think you should use Ex-Navigation that Adam Miskiewicz (skevy) and Brent Vatne on our team wrote. Skevy in particular has been thinking about navigation in mobile apps and React Native for a long time. Using Ex-Navigation is definitely a better idea than Navigator or NavigatorIOS.

To make things confusing, there is also NavigatorExperimental (yes, that’s different from Ex-Navigation) and ExNavigator (which was made by James Ide and Ex-Navigation is based on). The good news is that everyone working on these problems got together and decided to merge them all together. I don’t know how long that is going to take but it will probably be released sometime in the next few months under the name React Navigation, and that should unify everyone’s efforts!

There is also this other school of thought where some people like to use the platform-specific native code for navigation which is the approach that the Wix Navigator uses. I have a strong personal view that its preferable to write UI components like this in JS because I actually think you want your app to be the same across iOS and Android (they are both just black rectangles with touch screens!) and JS tends to make your code more composable and customizable.

Use Ex-Navigation and keep an eye out for React Navigation! Use JS instead of native for this UI code!

Given the increasingly fast development and deployment times, handling API setup for dealing with data is becoming a large obstacle to React Native apps. Do you have any thoughts about the use of Backend-As-A-Service solutions like Firebase compared to rolling your own API with Node/Express, Rails, or similar?

I don’t have a strongly held view on this right now. There are so many solutions that fit the use cases of people with different needs. We’re seeing things getting easier and easier in every direction that you look.

If you want to write your own code and you’re using JS, you can use something like Zeit’s new now stuff to deploy essentially instantly. If you want a more general purpose solution, Heroku is also really easy. And then of course there is AWS and Google Cloud, etc.

It’s trivially easy for React Native apps to communicate with essentially any backend that uses HTTP/JSON since fetch and JSON.parse are built-in.

If you don’t want to write any code, it seems like Firebase has become the most popular solution since Parse announced its shutdown. One nice thing about Firebase is that you can use their hosted database stuff with React Native using just JS, which means it works just fine with Exponent. Someone wrote up a guide to how to do this here: https://gist.github.com/sushiisumii/d2fd4ae45498592810390b3e05313e5c

Longer term, it seems like something like GraphQL/Relay should become really popular, but that stuff is too hard to setup and use still to be mainstream just yet. I’m not sure whether it will be GraphQL/Relay maturing and getting revised that wins or something else that is slightly different and easy to think about as a developer that comes and beats it, but directionally, it’s definitely right. We built something like this at Quora and it saved a ton of development time.

I would just use whatever you are most comfortable with – almost anything will work! React Native is really similar to the the web in terms of its client capabilities and so I would just think about a React Native or Exponent app as being mostly like a website.

Woods, 43, shares Charlie and a daughter Sam, 12, with his ex-wife Elin Nordegren to whom he was married from 2004 to 2010.

Louis Smith, 29, and So You Think You Can Dance winner Charlie Bruce, 29, stepped out together on Tuesday night as they departed the Corinthia Hotel in London.

The activist, 47, set pulses racing in a daring black dress which left nearly nothing to the imagination. Laverne flaunted her figure in the sheer black number which showed off nearly all of her full chest.

The Coronation Street star, 35, paid tribute to his lost loved one in a touching Instagram post on Sunday, and said Charlie was 'loved by everyone.'

London-based Charlie van Straubenzee, who was one of Prince Harry's ushers, welcomed daughter Clover on Wednesday last week, reports The Sunday Times.

TIM NASH AT ST ANDREWS: Charlie Austin was the hero as he bagged a brace to help West Brom beat Birmingham City and return them to the top of the Championship.

The Perth schoolgirl sent a touching tribute to her supporters from a hospital bed on Wednesday morning before going back into the operating theatre with Dr Teo.

Dr Charlie Teo's 'miracle girl' Amelia 'Milli' Lucas, from Sydney, has miraculously defied the odds to walk and talk after undergoing a gruelling eight-hour brain tumour surgery.

The actress, 22, and her co-star beau, 25, looked striking as they dressed to impress as they hit the red carpet for the glamorous event.

Anna is affectionately described as the 'Punk Princess of Pastry', and has dazzled Australians with appearances on ​Masterchef ​and ​Family Food Fight​, and with her two books.

Like most parents, Sam Wood and Snezana Markoski are in self-isolation with their three children.

Parents were left absolutely stunned when Tiger Woods caddied for his 10-year-old son, Charlie, in a junior golf tournament in Florida on the weekend.

Strawberry sabotage has swept the nation, leaving a long line of victims due to the unfortunate fruit contamination crisis - and Carrie Bickmore has taken action.

Charlie Newling is currently one of the frontrunners to win Ali Oetjen's heart on the The Bachelorette.

Natalia Dyer was joined by boyfriend Charlie Heaton as they attended a Screen Actors Guild Award Nominees party at Chateau Marmont in Los Angeles on Saturday.

The 51-year-old actor gave a rather bizarre statement on the situation to People on Thursday. His ex-wife Mueller reportedly agreed to a psych evaluation after a bizarre 24 hours.

The 51-year-old actor said his twin boys were fine on Thursday following his ex-wife's recent breakdown in Utah.

Dozens of famous Twitter accounts were hacked and spam ads promising to 'increase your Twitter followers' began appearing on the social media network early Saturday morning.

Charlie Sheen is reportedly selling his Beverly Hills mansion for $9 million. after purchasing it for $7.2 million back in 2006, according to TMZ

 It is his big comeback since announcing he is HIV Positive. And the actor ooks full of beans as he poses with his on-screen stepmother Leah Remini in a still from his forthcoming film.

The actor has been involved in a clinical trial for a drug called PRO-140 since early this year. And on Tuesday, he received the news from his doctor that his virus is no longer detectable.

Charlie Sheen looked dapper in his finery on Monday night as he attended the Snow Queen Cigar Smoker Of The Year Awards.

Bold and The Beautiful star Rena Sofer praised former co-star Charlie Sheen from Two and a Half Men, telling The Morning Show on Thursday the actor was a pleasure to work with.

The teaser for Mad Families is the first on-screen glimpse of the 51-year-old HIV positive actor since he announced his diagnosis in November last year

The actor's tweet, which read, 'Dear God; Trump next, please!,' was shared as the world reacted to the death of Carrie Fisher's mother Debbie Reynolds - the latest huge name to pass away in 2016.

She has always shown her magnanimous side throughout their confrontations. In the Twitter image she sits at a table with the Two And A Half Men star and their daughters.

Chanel Iman still looked like the absolute definition of a model on Monday night in Los Angeles when she was seen giving a little love to Charlie Sheen at a party for their new film Mad Families.

Charlie Sheen opened up about his life in the year since he publicly announced he was HIV-positive and revealed that when he was first diagnosed he thought about suicide.

Charlie Sheen returned to the spotlight in a big way this week, proving to be just as unfiltered and unpredictable as ever during a slew of live television appearances to promote his new film.

The 28-year-old certainly turned heads with her  wild set of dreadlocks as she headed to the Ocean's Eight set in the Big Apple.

He reignited a three year-old feud with Rihanna last week. 'dear @rihanna, pardon my inane self indulgence. let's have a drink someday (on me)....' he wrote, signing off with a loveheart