Female teachers, principals, and superintendents in Pennsylvania earn significantly less money than their male counterparts, a new study shows.

New report on Oregon's tribal students show they start out behind, miss more school, and are more likely to drop out.

Mike Locksley and the Terrapins are making a push for local five-star Caleb Williams.

Fascism -- History -- 21st century.

Human trafficking.

Wildlife conservation -- Australia.

[19--?]

[London] : [Thomas. Bowles] : [John Bowles], [1728]

Rockville, Maryland : National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1988.

Rockville, Maryland : National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985.

Erin E. Hecht
Sep 25, 2019; 39:7748-7758
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

On July 31, 1971, Al Worden performed the first deep-space extra-vehicular activity. "No one in all of history" saw what he saw that day

A sweeping new study of 101 mammal species found that females live, on average, 18.6 percent longer than their male counterparts

These cliques wear pink every day of the week

Buried in a mass grave in Mexico City, the trio may have been part of the first generation abducted from their homeland and brought to the New World

We assess the dynamics of volatility spillovers among global systemically important banks (G-SIBs). We measure spillovers using vector-autoregressive models of range volatility of the equity prices of G-SIBs, together with machine learning methods. We then compare the size of these spillovers with the degree of systemic importance measured by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's G-SIB bucket designations.

The last time Charlene Chiddenton saw her father in person was on March 7 — visitor restrictions at long-term care homes during the pandemic had kept them apart — and less than two months later, she was saying goodbye to her father by video call.

Canadian basketball players Dylan Ennis and Kevin Pangos, who both play in Liga ACB, opted to stay and weather the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

The San Francisco 49ers acquired one Pro Bowl left tackle and said goodbye to another as they traded for LT Trent Williams.

OM worker discovers unlikely friendships among a group of 'misfit toys' in North Africa.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Use of specific services may help to optimize health for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, little is known about their service use patterns. We aimed to (1) define service use groups and (2) determine associations of sociodemographic, developmental, behavioral, and health characteristics with service use groups among school-aged children with ASD.

CONTEXT:

Research reveals racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in autism diagnosis; there is limited information on potential disparities related to other dimensions of services.

In response to the growing impact of the current opioid public health crisis in the United States on adolescents and young adults, pediatricians have an expanding role in identifying opioid use early, preventing escalation of risky use, reducing opioid-related harms, and delivering effective therapies. Research and expert consensus suggest the use of brief interventions focused on reducing risks associated with ongoing opioid use and using motivational interviewing strategies to engage youth in treatment. Because fatal opioid overdose remains a major cause of opioid-related mortality among youth, delivering overdose education as part of any visit in which a youth endorses opioid use is one evidence-based strategy to decrease the burden of opioid-related mortality. For youth that are injecting opioids, safe injection practices and linkage to needle or syringe exchanges should be considered to reduce complications from injection drug use. It is crucial that youth be offered treatment at the time of diagnosis of an opioid use disorder (OUD), including medications, behavioral interventions, and/or referral to mutual support groups. The 2 medications commonly used for office-based OUD treatment in adolescents are extended-release naltrexone (opioid antagonist) and buprenorphine (partial opioid agonist), although there is a significant treatment gap in prescribing these medications to youth, especially adolescents <18 years of age. Addiction is a pediatric disease that pediatricians and adolescent medicine physicians are uniquely poised to manage, given their expertise in longitudinal, preventive, and family- and patient-centered care. Growing evidence supports the need for integration of OUD treatment into primary care.

The nutritional and immunologic properties of human milk, along with clear evidence of dose-dependent optimal health outcomes for both mothers and infants, provide a compelling rationale to support exclusive breastfeeding. US women increasingly intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Because establishing lactation can be challenging, exclusivity is often compromised in hopes of preventing feeding-related neonatal complications, potentially affecting the continuation and duration of breastfeeding. Risk factors for impaired lactogenesis are identifiable and common. Clinicians must be able to recognize normative patterns of exclusive breastfeeding in the first week while proactively identifying potential challenges. In this review, we provide new evidence from the past 10 years on the following topics relevant to exclusive breastfeeding: milk production and transfer, neonatal weight and output assessment, management of glucose and bilirubin, immune development and the microbiome, supplementation, and health system factors. We focus on the early days of exclusive breastfeeding in healthy newborns ≥35 weeks’ gestation managed in the routine postpartum unit. With this evidence-based clinical review, we provide detailed guidance in identifying medical indications for early supplementation and can inform best practices for both birthing facilities and providers.

According to Stephan Bauer, short-term mission teams are "less a problem to be solved, but more a tension to be managed, and the aim should be for STTs to have a credible impact on the ministry and be effective in mobilising long-term workers."

A growing number of students—especially girls—are experiencing bullying online, according to the latest federal data on bullying and crime in schools.

The associations between food insecurity and child well-being have been well studied on the basis of household levels of food insecurity, as reported by heads of households.

Household measures, however, may not capture gender biases in food insecurity and morbidity. This study assessed adolescents' own experience with food insecurity and how it was associated with morbidity and the effect of gender in this process. (Read the full article)

Several correlational studies documented that participants who would be classified as "pathological" video gamers demonstrate a pattern of correlations with other variables that are comorbid (eg, depression) or occur with (eg, poorer grades and increased hostility) other addictions.

Following a large sample across 2 years, this study provides needed data on risk factors for becoming a pathological gamer, how long pathological gaming lasts, outcomes, and whether it is a primary problem or is a symptom of comorbid problems. (Read the full article)

Chlamydia testing among adolescents and young women without symptoms is recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force, but only approximately one-half of eligible young women presenting for health care are screened appropriately.

Our work indicates that providers screen young women for chlamydia differentially according to patient age, race/ethnicity, insurance status, and sexual health history. Biases in chlamydia screening may contribute to higher reported rates of chlamydia among minority and poor young women. (Read the full article)

Preventive asthma medications (PAMs) are a primary management strategy to control asthma morbidity. Little is known about changes over time in prevalence of PAM use among children and adolescents in the United States.

Our analysis demonstrates an increase in use of PAMs among children and adolescents with current asthma in the United States from 1988–1994 to 2005–2008, but racial and ethnic disparities in use of PAMs persist. (Read the full article)

Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) account for more than one-third of pediatric health care costs. Little is known regarding the impact of shared decision-making (SDM) over time on child health care expenditures and utilization.

In a national sample, we found that increasing SDM was associated with decreased health care costs and utilization for CSHCN. Results support prospective studies to determine if pediatric interventions to foster SDM reduce the financial burden of caring for CSHCN. (Read the full article)

Hepatitis A infection causes severe disease among adolescents and adults. Hepatitis A vaccination (HepA) is recommended universally at 1 year, with vaccination through 18 years based on risk or desire for protection.

This is the first study to evaluate adolescent HepA coverage in the United States using provider-reported vaccination data. HepA coverage was low among adolescents, leaving a large population susceptible to hepatitis A infection maturing into adulthood. (Read the full article)

Secondhand smoke exposure poses a significant health risk to nonsmokers. With the proliferation of comprehensive smoke-free laws prohibiting smoking in worksites and public areas, private areas have become the primary source of secondhand smoke exposure for many individuals, particularly youth.

Secondhand smoke exposure in cars has steadily declined among middle and high school students. However, many remain exposed to secondhand smoke in this environment. Jurisdictions should expand existing comprehensive smoke-free policies to prohibit smoking in vehicles occupied by youth. (Read the full article)

The evidence base for obesity prevention is extremely limited. Although minority youth are at higher risk of obesity, and early childhood is a critical period for prevention, only 1 program has demonstrated sustained effects on obesity in young minority children.

Among youth at high risk for obesity based on income, minority status, and child behavior problems, early intervention that promotes effective parenting led to meaningful differences in obesity in preadolescence. Early family intervention is an innovative and promising approach. (Read the full article)

Children with special health care needs present clinically with varied functional difficulties across an array of health conditions. Little attention has been given to the interaction of these descriptors at a population level, thereby not addressing the complexity of functional difficulties and their impact on the health of CSHCN.

The data demonstrate the relationships among functional difficulties and health conditions, which then improve our understanding of CSHCN and their needs. Functional difficulties contribute significantly to outcomes, such as emergency room visits, parental work patterns, and limitations in daily activities, and have implications for practice, training, policy, and research. (Read the full article)

Several studies have analyzed fatal or nonfatal youth injury incidence in US agricultural settings, but none have combined those estimates to form an overall picture. The only detailed study of costs related to such injuries is restricted to nonfatal injury.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the annual incidence and cost of agricultural youth injuries in the United States. It analyzes them from different perspectives: fatal versus nonfatal, at work versus not at work, and requiring hospitalization versus not requiring hospitalization. (Read the full article)

Survival takes precedence for adolescent patients with cancer and their families. Patients may not discuss their treatments’ potential to damage their reproductive capacity, which has significant psychological late effects in survivorship.

Strong reproductive concerns of adolescents with cancer may not be captured on current health-related quality of life instruments and may be neglected by parents’ unawareness. Parent-proxy reports of adolescent reproductive concerns are not suitable for capturing specific emotions and feelings. (Read the full article)

In the prerotavirus vaccine era, diarrhea-associated hospitalization and outpatient rates among American Indian and Alaska Native children were higher than those among the general US population. Routine rotavirus vaccination has dramatically decreased rotavirus diarrhea burden in the general US population.

Decreases in diarrhea-associated hospitalization and outpatient rates among American Indian and Alaska Native children in postvaccine years were observed in all Indian Health Service regions, with declines greater in each subsequent year after vaccine introduction. (Read the full article)

Asian Americans have a reduced risk of cerebral palsy (CP) compared with whites. Whether this is true for all Asian ethnic subgroups is unknown. Differences in sociodemographic factors may explain disparities in CP prevalence between Asians and whites.

East Asian, Filipino, Indian, Pacific Islander, and Southeast Asian children were 13% to 38% less likely to have CP than white children. Differences in maternal age and education, gender, and birth weight did not explain these differences in CP rates. (Read the full article)

Following a rapid increase from 1980 to 2001, the prevalence of obesity among school-age children and adolescents in the United States has plateaued. Few studies have examined obesity trends among younger children in the past decade, and findings are inconsistent.

Among children aged <6 years at this multisite pediatric practice, the prevalence of obesity was fairly stable during 1999–2003, but substantially decreased during 2004–2008. This decrease was smaller among children insured by Medicaid than children insured by non-Medicaid health plans. (Read the full article)

Asthma disparities exist, with Latino children of Caribbean descent at risk for poor disease control. Controller medications reduce symptoms; however, medication adherence remains suboptimal. Identifying what factors predict poor medication adherence in at-risk groups could identify important treatment targets.

This study is the first to assess objective rates of medication use among children with asthma in Puerto Rico. Findings suggest that interventions incorporating family resources and addressing parental beliefs about medications may be of benefit across cultural groups. (Read the full article)

Previous research has identified low rates of employment and postsecondary education for youth with autism, but generalizability has been limited by small samples.

Using national data, the authors of this study found that youth with autism are at high risk for no postsecondary education or employment, especially in the first 2 years after high school. Findings highlight the need for improved transition planning. (Read the full article)

Overweight and obese children have a higher prevalence of several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. There is growing evidence demonstrating that CVD risk factors present during childhood persist into adulthood.

US adolescents had no significant change in prehypertension/hypertension and borderline-high/ high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol prevalence from 1999–2000 to 2007–2008; however, prediabetes/diabetes increased by 14%. (Read the full article)

Infants weighing 501 to 1500 g are at high risk for mortality and for neonatal morbidities associated with both short- and long-term adverse consequences.

Mortality and major neonatal morbidity in survivors decreased for infants 501 to 1500 g between 2000 and 2009. However, in 2009, a high proportion of these infants still either died or survived after experiencing ≥1 major neonatal morbidity. (Read the full article)

Numerous studies report disparate use of dental services among poor children. National estimates vary based on the data source, and little is known about how age, race, and health plan affect use of dental services among Medicaid-enrolled children.

Based on of Medicaid claims, dental services improved since 2002 but varied substantially by state, age, and type of insurance. Children entering school had the highest prevalence of care as did children in primary care case management and health maintenance organizations. (Read the full article)

Although obesity is correlated with levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, there is little evidence if the increases in obesity over the last 40 years have resulted in increased blood pressure levels.

Despite increases in obesity in Bogalusa, Louisiana between 1974 and 1993, there was no increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure levels. It should not be assumed that trends in high blood pressure have paralleled those for obesity. (Read the full article)

Children with a single kidney are often counseled to avoid contact/collision sports based on the concern of injury to the kidney; however, the incidence of kidney injury during sport is not well understood.

Based on this multiyear, prospective injury surveillance system of varsity-level high school athletes, sport-related kidney injury is rare. Reevaluation of American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations regarding sport participation by children with a single kidney is indicated. (Read the full article)

Emphasis on preventing central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in US health care facilities and prophylactic antifungal medication use in neonates may impact incidence of Candida spp. CLABSIs. However, data on trends in incidence of neonatal Candida spp. CLABSIs are lacking.

Data from a large sample of US NICUs was analyzed to assess trends in incidence over time. This analysis provides a description of the epidemiology of Candida spp. CLABSIs in a national health care-associated infections surveillance system. (Read the full article)

Late preterm infants are at risk for a variety of developmental impairments; however, little is known about developmental differences among children born within the term range of 37 to 41 weeks’ gestation.

This study links comprehensive birth record data from 128 050 term births to children’s school records 8 years later. Analyses establish that, even among the "normal term" range, gestational age is an important independent predictor of academic achievement. (Read the full article)

Because most childhood tuberculosis cases are sputum smear-negative, diagnosis relies largely upon clinical presentation, tuberculin skin testing, and chest radiograph. Diagnostic limitations contribute to treatment delays and high mortality. However, childhood tuberculosis (TB) mortality risk factors are not well documented.

This study demonstrates that false-negative TST is common in children with active TB and is associated with increased risk of death. A negative TST should not delay anti-TB therapy. Improved diagnostic modalities are urgently needed in resource-limited settings. (Read the full article)