School districts have "unconscionably and impermissibly shifted operating costs of the classrooms directly on the financial backs of our teachers," the lawsuit alleges.

A Florida district's decision to put armed "school safety assistants" in its elementary schools puts the safety and well-being of its students at risk and oversteps existing state law, says a lawsuit, which could topple school security plans throughout the state.

The pilot, which was initially one of the most buzzed about pieces of ESSA, allows states to try out new forms of testing in a handful of districts, with the goal of eventually taking them statewide.

A suburban Indianapolis district is signing up teachers to drive school buses before and after their usual time in the classroom.

Controversy over an intiative aimed a reducing inequities in Lee's Summit, Mo., schools led the police department to provide security protection for the district's first African-American superintendent. Now the school board has reversed course.

The three board members, along with a resident, request that the court grant a restraining order and preliminary injunction against the state to reverse the takeover.

Recent Census data finds households in the South and Midwest lagging those in other regions in access to remote learning technologies and learning interactions with teachers and family members.

The Pittsburgh Penguins returned home after a three-game road trip only to get blown out by the Dallas Stars 7-1 on Monday night.

Blues need some energy, scoring; Joseph provides both, anxious to get back into lineup after missing six games with a lower-body injury

The Pittsburgh Penguins traded Lars Eller to the Washington Capitals for two draft picks after a blowout loss dropped them to 6-9-2 on the season.

The Pittsburgh Penguins traded Lars Eller to the Washington Capitals on Tuesday afternoon.

Washington sent a 2025 fifth-round pick and a 2027 third-round pick to Pittsburgh on Tuesday for Eller.

The Bruins earned their best win of the season with a third period comeback vs. the Blues. Can this result serve as a turning point for Boston?

Who is the best player in Penguins' history to wear #64?

St. Louis led 2-0 after two periods, was outscored 3-0, allowed game-winner to Pastrnak with 1:47 remaining

The court revived a lawsuit claiming that Mississippi's lack of a "uniform" education system violates the 1868 federal law that readmitted the state to the Union.

The U.S. Supreme Court took up the question of whether courts must find a juvenile offender permanently incorrigible before a sentence of life without parole.

As Oklahoma teachers prepare for day four of their statewide walkout, here's a guide to the larger picture of teacher protests.

Hannah Hidalgo scored 11 of her 28 points in the first 7-plus minutes and No. 6 Notre Dame led by double figures for more than 35 minutes Sunday night as the Fighting Irish beat Purdue 102-58 for their 10th consecutive win over the Boilermakers. Notre Dame (2-0) has a 15-14 lead in its all-time series with Purdue. Olivia Miles added 17 points and Sonia Citron scored 14.

Five-star wing Deniya Prawl has committed to Lady Vols basketball, marking a significant recruiting win in Kim Caldwell's first year at Tennessee.

It was Louisville women's basketball vs UT Martin at the Kathleen and Tom Elam Center. See score updates and highlights from the road clash.

Wen Grace Chen
Nov 9, 2022; 42:8498-8507
Symposium and Mini-Symposium

Rafael G. Almeida
Oct 18, 2017; 37:10023-10034
Viewpoints

Elena Neumann
Oct 9, 2024; 44:e0591242024-e0591242024
Systems/Circuits

Evdokia Menelaou
Aug 8, 2012; 32:10925-10939
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

John M. Beggs
Dec 3, 2003; 23:11167-11177
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Emerging research in nonhuman animals implicates cerebellar projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in appetitive behaviors, but these circuits have not been characterized in humans. Here, we mapped cerebello-VTA white matter connectivity in a cohort of men and women using probabilistic tractography on diffusion imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. We uncovered the topographical organization of these connections by separately tracking from parcels of cerebellar lobule VI, crus I/II, vermis, paravermis, and cerebrocerebellum. Results revealed that connections between the cerebellum and VTA predominantly originate in the right cerebellar hemisphere, interposed nucleus, and paravermal cortex and terminate mostly ipsilaterally. Paravermal crus I sends the most connections to the VTA compared with other lobules. We discovered a mediolateral gradient of connectivity, such that the medial cerebellum has the highest connectivity with the VTA. Individual differences in microstructure were associated with measures of negative affect and social functioning. By splitting the tracts into quarters, we found that the socioaffective effects were driven by the third quarter of the tract, corresponding to the point at which the fibers leave the deep nuclei. Taken together, we produced detailed maps of cerebello-VTA structural connectivity for the first time in humans and established their relevance for trait differences in socioaffective regulation.

GABAergic neurons and GABA_A receptors (GABA_ARs) are critical elements of almost all neuronal circuits. Most GABA_ARs of the CNS are heteropentameric ion channels composed of two α, two β, and one subunits. These receptors serve as important drug targets for benzodiazepine (BDZ) site agonists, which potentiate the action of GABA at GABA_ARs. Most GABA_AR classifications rely on the heterogeneity of the α subunit (α1–α6) included in the receptor complex. Heterogeneity of the subunits (1–3), which mediate synaptic clustering of GABA_ARs and contribute, together with α subunits, to the benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding site, has gained less attention, mainly because 2 subunits greatly outnumber the other subunits in most brain regions. Here, we have investigated a potential role of non-2 GABA_ARs in neural circuits of the spinal dorsal horn, a key site of nociceptive processing. Female and male mice were studied. We demonstrate that besides 2 subunits, 1 subunits are significantly expressed in the spinal dorsal horn, especially in its superficial layers. Unlike global 2 subunit deletion, which is lethal, spinal cord-specific loss of 2 subunits was well tolerated. GABA_AR clustering in the superficial dorsal horn remained largely unaffected and antihyperalgesic actions of HZ-166, a nonsedative BDZ site agonist, were partially retained. Our results thus suggest that the superficial dorsal horn harbors functionally relevant amounts of 1 subunits that support the synaptic clustering of GABA_ARs in this site. They further suggest that 1 containing GABA_ARs contribute to the spinal control of nociceptive information flow.

Vertebrate nervous systems use the axon initial segment (AIS) to initiate action potentials and maintain neuronal polarity. The microtubule-associated protein tripartite motif containing 46 (TRIM46) was reported to regulate axon specification, AIS assembly, and neuronal polarity through the bundling, or fasciculation, of microtubules in the proximal axon. However, these claims are based on TRIM46 knockdown in cultured neurons. To investigate TRIM46 function in vivo, we examined male and female TRIM46 knock-out mice. Contrary to previous reports, we find that TRIM46 is dispensable for axon specification and AIS formation. TRIM46 knock-out mice are viable, have normal behavior, and have normal brain structure. Thus, TRIM46 is not required for AIS formation, axon specification, or nervous system function. However, we confirm that TRIM46 is required for microtubule fasciculation. We also show TRIM46 enrichment in the first ~100 μm of axon occurs independently of ankyrinG (AnkG) in vivo, although AnkG is required to restrict TRIM46 only to the AIS. Our results highlight the need for further investigation of the mechanisms by which the AIS and microtubules interact to shape neuronal structure and function.

A paleontologist at the Natural History Museum in London chronicles the age of the famous and fascinating massive reptiles

A Smithsonian curator reflects back on the artistic legend, a "Renaissance man" with 28 Grammys to his name, who died Sunday at 91 years old

Building on previous efforts, the Kingdom of Morocco will offer technical assistance to the Republic of Guinea through a South-South Cooperation Tripartite Agreement signed today at FAO headquarters by FAO [...]

The Joint Meeting of the Finance and Programme Committees met yesterday morning. In [...]

The international community has committed to ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. But can we overcome the obstacles that stand in the way of meeting this target?

The State [...]

The UN hunger report will be released, by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO during a joint Press Conference on Tuesday, 11 September, at 11:00 CEST, in FAO-HQ, Sheikh Zayed [...]

A valuable tool has been produced for decision makers responsible for integrating the Sustainable Development Goals into national policies and programmes. This publication, Transforming food and agriculture to achieve [...]

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