Brazil remains a fairly closed economy, with small trade flows relative to its share of world income. This paper explores the effects of three possible policy reforms to strengthen Brazil’s integration into global trade: a reduction in import tariffs, less local content requirements and a full zero-rating of exports in indirect taxes.

There is strong international evidence that trade liberalisation and increased international integration are key elements of a successful growth strategy. Exposure to international competition, sourcing internationally and learning by exporting accelerates technological upgrading and fosters productivity growth.

This country note presents student performance in science, reading and mathematics, and measures equity in education in Brazil.

Brazil’s old-age pensions have reduced old-age poverty below OECD levels, but pension expenditures of 8.2% of GDP are expected to rise rapidly as the population ages. A pension reform is necessary to ensure the financial sustainability of the system.

Between 2007 and 2014 Brazil sustained high employment rates, well above the OECD average. The country has historically high participation rates for men and women, as well a relatively low unemployment rate.

This note presents selected findings based on the set of well-being indicators published in How's Life? 2017.

This note describes the taxation of energy use in Brazil. It contains the country’s energy tax profiles, followed by country-specific information to complement the general discussion in Taxing Energy Use 2018 (OECD, 2018).

In Brasilia, he will present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil, alongside Mr. Ilan Goldfajn, Central Bank Governor, Mr. Henrique Meirelles, Minister of Finance, and Mr. Dyogo Oliveira, Minister of Planning of Brazil.

The 2018 edition of the Active with Brazil brochure presents the different areas of cooperation between the OECD and Brazil.

Brazil is emerging from its long recession and is headed for solid growth in 2018 and 2019 as recent structural reforms start to bear fruit. Sustaining this recovery, unleashing Brazil’s full economic potential and spreading the benefits fairly will require additional efforts to rein in public spending, increase trade and investment, and further focus social spending on those most in need, according to a new OECD report.

The OECD and Brazil today launched a joint project to examine the similarities and gaps between the Brazilian and OECD approaches to valuing cross-border transactions between associated firms for tax purposes. The project will also assess the potential for Brazil to move closer to the OECD’s transfer pricing rules, which are a critical benchmark for OECD member countries and followed by countries around the world.

A broken social elevator? Key findings for Brazil

These graphs offer a brief summary of the commodity trade situation in the country.

This country note for Brazil provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

The OECD Working Group on Bribery reaffirms the importance of the independence of prosecutors and judges and is concerned that Brazil’s achievements in fighting corruption may be seriously jeopardised by recent legislative developments.

This country note explains how Brazil taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

The OECD Working Group on Bribery is to send a high-level mission to Brasilia as soon as possible in November, to meet with senior officials, to reinforce the message that law enforcement capacity to investigate and prosecute foreign bribery should be preserved in order to ensure that Brazil remains able and committed to meeting its obligations under the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.

The OECD Working Group on Bribery urges Brazil, one of the founding Parties to the Anti-Bribery Convention since 1997, to preserve the full capacity and independence of law enforcement authorities to investigate and prosecute foreign bribery and corruption.

Brazil's tax-to-GDP ratio in 2018 (33.1%) was above the LAC average (23.1%)¹ in this year's Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean publication by 10.0 percentage points and below the OECD average (34.3%).

Brazil’s supreme audit institution – the Federal Court of Accounts (TCU) – has began a process to reform its audit of the Accounts of the President of the Republic to enhance transparency and accountability of federal budget execution.

Brazil’s economic growth has been supported in recent years by important government investment and social programmes that mobilise resources across the country. These programmes could help Brazil to meet its goals of sustaining economic growth and fostering social development, while reducing regional disparities.

The recent droughts in Brazil’s Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states have exposed the need to shift from crisis management to effective risk governance of the country’s water resources, according to a new OECD report.

Brazil has made significant progress in building a reputation for sound fiscal policy since it passed the Fiscal Responsibility Law in 2000. In recent years, however, the fiscal situation has become more difficult as public spending and gross debt have risen.

Imports (Fob) - Capital Goods (According To Funcex) in Brazil decreased to 2513.40 USD Million in February from 3878.60 USD Million in January of 2020. Imports (Fob) - Capital Goods (According To Funcex in Brazil averaged 1021.72 USD Million from 1978 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4768.40 USD Million in July of 2018 and a record low of 52 USD Million in February of 1985. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports of - Capital Goods (according to Fu.

Exports (Fob) - Manufactured Goods (According To Funcex) in Brazil increased to 5378.60 USD Million in February from 4982.40 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports (Fob) - Manufactured Goods (According To F in Brazil averaged 3488.05 USD Million from 1977 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 9831 USD Million in October of 2013 and a record low of 253 USD Million in January of 1977. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports of - Manufactured Goods (according.

The number of employed persons in Brazil decreased to 92.22 Million in March of 2020 from 93.71 Million in February of 2020. Employed Persons in Brazil averaged 91.07 Million from 2012 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 94.55 Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 87.63 Million in March of 2012. In Brazil, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides the latest reported value for - Brazil Employed Persons - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Employment Rate in Brazil decreased to 53.50 percent in March from 54.50 percent in February of 2020. Employment Rate in Brazil averaged 55.41 percent from 2012 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 57.30 percent in November of 2013 and a record low of 53.10 percent in March of 2017. In Brazil, the employment rate measures the number of people who have a job as a percentage of the working age population. This page provides - Brazil Employment Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Unemployment Rate in Brazil increased to 12.20 percent in March from 11.60 percent in February of 2020. Unemployment Rate in Brazil averaged 9.84 percent from 2012 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 13.70 percent in March of 2017 and a record low of 6.20 percent in December of 2013. In Brazil, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. This page provides the latest reported value for - Brazil Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Brazil recorded a government budget deficit of 49360 BRL Million in February of 2020. Government Budget Value in Brazil averaged -16512.09 BRL Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 26044 BRL Million in January of 2019 and a record low of -123821.44 BRL Million in December of 2015. In Brazil, government budget value refers to the nominal budget balance, which comprises the central government, regional governments and public enterprises and also includes debt servicing costs and the nominal interest of the federal government. This page provides the latest reported value for - Brazil Government Budget Value - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Government Debt in Brazil increased to 5758363.33 BRL Million in March from 5611015.18 BRL Million in February of 2020. Government Debt in Brazil averaged 3151256.67 BRL Million from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 5758363.33 BRL Million in March of 2020 and a record low of 1336644.90 BRL Million in December of 2006. This page provides - Brazil Government Debt- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Imports in Brazil decreased to 11611 USD Million in April from 14525.39 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports in Brazil averaged 4756.77 USD Million from 1959 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 23049.60 USD Million in October of 2013 and a record low of 67 USD Million in March of 1965. Brazil imports mainly manufactured goods (85 percent of total imports), namely machinery, fuels and lubricants, chemicals and pharmaceutical products, and parts and accessories for motor vehicles and tractors. The country also imports raw materials (10 percent), mostly crude oil, coal, natural gas and wheat grain. Main import partners are China (19 percent), the US (16 percent), Argentina and Germany (6 percent each) and South Korea and Mexico (3 percent each). This page provides the latest reported value for - Brazil Imports - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Core consumer prices in Brazil increased 2.52 percent in April of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Core Inflation Rate in Brazil averaged 5.60 percent from 2010 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 9.45 percent in December of 2015 and a record low of 2.52 percent in April of 2020. In Brazil, the core inflation rate tracks changes in prices that consumers pay for a basket of goods which excludes some volatile price items. This page provides - Brazil Core Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Fitch Ratings changed on Tuesday 5 May 2020 Brazil’s sovereign credit rating outlook to negative from stable and affirmed the debt grade at BB-, citing as main trigger behind the revision the deterioration of Brazil's economic and fiscal outlook, and downside risks to both given renewed political uncertainty, including tensions between the executive and congress, and uncertainty over the duration and intensity of the coronavirus pandemic. Standard & Poor's credit rating for Brazil stands at BB- with stable outlook. Moody's credit rating for Brazil was last set at Ba2 with stable outlook. DBRS's credit rating for Brazil is BB (low) with stable outlook. In general, a credit rating is used by sovereign wealth funds, pension funds and other investors to gauge the credit worthiness of Brazil thus having a big impact on the country's borrowing costs. This page includes the government debt credit rating for Brazil as reported by major credit rating agencies.

The transportation sub-index of the CPI basket in Brazil decreased to 4903.34 points in April of 2020 from 5037.33 points in March of 2020. CPI Transportation in Brazil averaged 2520.58 points from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 5076.22 points in January of 2020 and a record low of 0 points in August of 1989. This page provides - Brazil Cpi Transportation- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

CPI Housing Utilities in Brazil decreased to 9125.92 points in April from 9135.05 points in March of 2020. CPI Housing Utilities in Brazil averaged 3891.63 points from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 9206.17 points in November of 2019 and a record low of 0 points in August of 1989. This page provides - Brazil Cpi Housing & Utilities- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Imports from United States in Brazil decreased to 2046 USD Million in April from 2184 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from United States in Brazil averaged 2357.45 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3325 USD Million in February of 2020 and a record low of 1641 USD Million in January of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from the United States.

Imports from Middle East in Brazil decreased to 257 USD Million in April from 385.42 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from Middle East in Brazil averaged 412.57 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 979.90 USD Million in November of 2014 and a record low of 55.16 USD Million in June of 2015. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from Middle East.

Imports from Mercosur in Brazil decreased to 653 USD Million in April from 1000.91 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from Mercosur in Brazil averaged 1110.75 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1709.39 USD Million in May of 2014 and a record low of 653 USD Million in April of 2020. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from Mercosur.

Imports from European Union in Brazil decreased to 2208 USD Million in April from 2751.18 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from European Union in Brazil averaged 2920.77 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4404.44 USD Million in July of 2014 and a record low of 2208 USD Million in April of 2020. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from Eu.

Imports from China in Brazil decreased to 2057 USD Million in April from 2464 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from China in Brazil averaged 2620.03 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 5152 USD Million in January of 2020 and a record low of 1430.94 USD Million in April of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from China.

Imports from Asia in Brazil decreased to 3530 USD Million in April from 4518.96 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from Asia in Brazil averaged 4639.48 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 7324.98 USD Million in January of 2019 and a record low of 2785.69 USD Million in December of 2015. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from Asia.

Imports from Argentina in Brazil decreased to 539 USD Million in April from 818 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from Argentina in Brazil averaged 877.18 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1308.55 USD Million in September of 2014 and a record low of 487 USD Million in January of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from Argentina.

Imports from Africa in Brazil decreased to 323 USD Million in April from 412.34 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from Africa in Brazil averaged 636.32 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2010.67 USD Million in July of 2014 and a record low of 176.15 USD Million in November of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from Africa.

Exports to Middle East in Brazil increased to 624 USD Million in April from 606.30 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to Middle East in Brazil averaged 599.98 USD Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1512.08 USD Million in August of 2011 and a record low of 65.39 USD Million in April of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to Middle East.

Exports to Mercosur in Brazil decreased to 689 USD Million in April from 1152 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to Mercosur in Brazil averaged 1371.65 USD Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3223 USD Million in September of 2011 and a record low of 210.63 USD Million in February of 2002. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to Mercosur.

Exports to European Union in Brazil decreased to 2792 USD Million in April from 2948 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to European Union in Brazil averaged 2730.20 USD Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 6083.22 USD Million in October of 2013 and a record low of 860.30 USD Million in January of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to EU.

Exports to China in Brazil increased to 7079 USD Million in April from 6082 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to China in Brazil averaged 1479.80 USD Million from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 7079 USD Million in April of 2020 and a record low of 7.56 USD Million in February of 1990. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to China.

Exports to Asia in Brazil increased to 9693 USD Million in April from 9173.24 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to Asia in Brazil averaged 3758.21 USD Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 10325.18 USD Million in July of 2018 and a record low of 325.84 USD Million in February of 2001. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to Asia.

Exports to Argentina in Brazil decreased to 477 USD Million in April from 771 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to Argentina in Brazil averaged 792.53 USD Million from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2206.32 USD Million in September of 2011 and a record low of 29.21 USD Million in February of 1990. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to Argentina.

Exports to Africa in Brazil decreased to 541 USD Million in April from 654.80 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to Africa in Brazil averaged 589.87 USD Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1350.42 USD Million in August of 2011 and a record low of 64.43 USD Million in January of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to Africa.