Ensuring that permanent spending or tax cuts are implemented in a sustainable manner would encourage the strong fiscal position that New Zealand needs to meet potentially large macroeconomic shocks and long-run ageing-related costs.

Healthcare costs are rising so fast in advanced economies that they will become unaffordable by mid-century without reforms, according to a new OECD report.

Digital security risk should be treated as an economic rather than a technical issue, and should be part of an organisation’s overall risk management and decision-making, according to a new OECD Recommendation to member countries.

This paper analyses income inequality in Ireland using a new panel dataset based on the administrative tax records of the Revenue Commissioners for Ireland.

Blog article on the complex and multi-dimensional challenges faced by city policy-makers in addressing urban issues at all levels of government.

Japan must make revitalising growth its number one priority with reforms to boost productivity and encourage more women and older people into jobs to compensate for its rapidly shrinking labour force, according to the OECD.

This paper seeks to identify the conditions under which raising public investment can sustainably lift growth without deteriorating public finances.

This paper reviews the key issues concerning the impact of public spending and taxation on long-run growth and inequality and takes stock of existing theoretical and empirical studies.

Malaysia has sustained over four decades of rapid, inclusive growth, reducing its dependence on agriculture and commodity exports to become a more diversified, modern and open economy.

Malaysia has sustained over four decades of rapid, inclusive growth, reducing its dependence on agriculture and commodity exports to become a more diversified, modern and open economy.

Behavioural economics incorporates behavioural, social and cognitive dimensions into economic thinking, and its practice has grown as economists strive to improve their models, forecasts and policies. Today it is making a measurable difference in policy effectiveness around the world.

This report addresses the corporate governance framework and company practices that determine the nomination and election of board members. It covers 26 jurisdictions, including in-depth reviews of Indonesia, Korea, the Netherlands and the United States.

This study provides critical observations on the state of key global equity markets as recent developments have put into question their efficiency and effectiveness in facilitating capital formation. It covers the top 26 initial public offering (IPO) producing nations, with a particular focus on stock markets in the United States.

This report describes the current policy framework in Asia and summarises the challenges to establishing a formal and transparent board nomination and election process. It proposes policy options to improve the transparency of the board nomination and election process in order to reinforce more effective boards.

Forum 2016, entitled Productive economies, Inclusive societies will be organised around the 3 cross-cutting themes of the OECD Week: inclusive growth and productivity, innovation and the digital economy, and international collaboration for implementing international agreements (COP21 and the Sustainable Development Goals) and standards (BEPS and automatic exchange of information).

Economic Activity Index in Argentina decreased to -2.20 percent in February from -1.80 percent in January of 2020. Economic Activity Index in Argentina averaged 2.50 percent from 2005 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 18.80 percent in May of 2010 and a record low of -13.70 percent in May of 2009. In Argentina, the Monthly Economic Activity Estimator (EMAE) is a provisional indicator of the evolution of the GDP. Its calculation is structured in the aggregation of the added value at basic prices of each one of the economic activities plus the net taxes of subsidies to the products, using the weights of the national accounts. This page provides - Argentina Economic Activity Index- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Export To Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (Cmlv) in Russia increased to 16754.70 USD Million in February from 7679.50 USD Million in January of 2020. Export To Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (Cmlv) in Russia averaged 40415.50 USD Million from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 116324.60 USD Million in December of 2018 and a record low of 2369.40 USD Million in January of 2006. Russia accounts for Exports to Asia-paic Economic Cooperation using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports to Asia-paic Economic Cooperation.

Exports to Eurasian Economic Community CMLV in Russia increased to 4844.10 USD Million in February from 2252.60 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports to Eurasian Economic Community CMLV in Russia averaged 17600.93 USD Million from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 41291.50 USD Million in December of 2012 and a record low of 1327.90 USD Million in January of 2006. Russia accounts for Exports to Eurasian Economic Community using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports to Eurasian Economic Community.

Wages in Switzerland increased 0.50 percent in September of 2019 over the same month in the previous year. Wage Growth in Switzerland averaged 1.51 percent from 1991 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 7.80 percent in the second quarter of 1991 and a record low of 0.10 percent in the first quarter of 2017. This page provides - Switzerland Nominal Wage Growth- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Manufacturing in Russia decreased to 43243 RUB/Month in November from 44173 RUB/Month in October of 2019. Wages in Manufacturing in Russia averaged 24802.74 RUB/Month from 2005 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 47231 RUB/Month in December of 2018 and a record low of 7397 RUB/Month in January of 2005. This page provides the latest reported value for - Russia Average Monthly Nominal Wages in Manufacturing - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Wages In Manufacturing in Spain increased to 2466.09 EUR/Month in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 2207.71 EUR/Month in the third quarter of 2019. Wages In Manufacturing in Spain averaged 1989.59 EUR/Month from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2466.09 EUR/Month in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 1372.25 EUR/Month in the first quarter of 2000. This page provides - Spain Average Nominal Monthly Wages in Industry- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Manufacturing in Mexico decreased to 2.40 USD/Hour in February from 2.80 USD/Hour in January of 2020. Wages in Manufacturing in Mexico averaged 2.61 USD/Hour from 2007 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3.80 USD/Hour in December of 2013 and a record low of 2 USD/Hour in January of 2017. This page provides - Mexico Average Wages in Manufacturing Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Luxembourg increased to 5382.90 EUR/Month in 2018 from 5324.50 EUR/Month in 2017. Wages in Luxembourg averaged 3837.26 EUR/Month from 1990 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 5382.90 EUR/Month in 2018 and a record low of 2199.50 EUR/Month in 1990. This page provides - Luxembourg Wage Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Italy increased to 2467 EUR/Month in 2018 from 2436 EUR/Month in 2017. Wages in Italy averaged 1948 EUR/Month from 1990 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2467 EUR/Month in 2018 and a record low of 1176 EUR/Month in 1990. This page provides the latest reported value for - Italy Average Nominal Monthly Wages - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Nominal wages in Portugal increased to 1170.63 EUR/Month in the second half of 2018 from 1166.86 EUR/Month in the first half. Wages in Portugal averaged 1095.08 EUR/Month from 2005 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1188.06 EUR/Month in April of 2019 and a record low of 809.34 EUR/Month in April of 2005. This page provides - Portugal Industry Wage Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Spain increased to 2075.43 EUR/Month in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 1876.95 EUR/Month in the third quarter of 2019. Wages in Spain averaged 1737.77 EUR/Month from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2075.43 EUR/Month in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 1264.36 EUR/Month in the first quarter of 2000. In Spain, average nominal monthly wage comprises all remunerations, both in cash and in kind, made to workers for the performance of their work services for others, whether it rewards effective work, whatever the method of remuneration, or the rest periods accounted for as work. The wage cost therefore includes the base salary, salary complements, overtime payments, extraordinary payments and delayed payments. All these components are covered in gross terms. This page provides the latest reported value for - Spain Average Nominal Monthly Wage - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Wages in France increased to 3084 EUR/Month in 2017 from 3023 EUR/Month in 2016. Wages in France averaged 2367.32 EUR/Month from 1995 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 3084 EUR/Month in 2017 and a record low of 1751.73 EUR/Month in 1995. In France, wages are benchmarked using average monthly earnings. This page provides the latest reported value for - France Average Nominal Monthly Wages - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Wages in Uruguay increased to 34874 UYU/Month in 2019 from 32092 UYU/Month in 2018. Wages in Uruguay averaged 16354.99 UYU/Month from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 34874 UYU/Month in 2019 and a record low of 6600.96 UYU/Month in 2001. This page provides - Uruguay Wage Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Economic Optimism Index in Faroe Islands increased to 32 points in the first quarter of 2020 from 22 points in the second quarter of 2019. Economic Optimism Index in Faroe Islands averaged 19.04 points from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 47 points in the first quarter of 2007 and a record low of -29 points in the first quarter of 2009. In Faroe Islands, the economic sentiment indicator is based on indicators from business and consumer surveys. The indicators of each survey are calculated as average of 'balances' between positive and negative replies of a selection of questions, e.g. The consumer index ''is an arithmetic mean of 4 of the 15 questions in the survey. The composite indicator and each of the indicators are in the range from plus 100 to minus 100. Any single value only makes sense when compared to previous answers to the same question. This page provides - Faroe Islands Economic Sentiment Indicator- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Economic Optimism Index in Turkey decreased to 51.30 points in April from 91.80 points in March of 2020. Economic Optimism Index in Turkey averaged 99.62 points from 2007 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 114.80 points in January of 2011 and a record low of 51.30 points in April of 2020. In Turkey, economic confidence index is a composite index that encapsulates consumers’ and producers’ evaluations, expectations and tendencies about general economic situation. The index is combined by means of a weighted aggregation of normalized sub-indices of consumer confidence, seasonally adjusted real sector (manufacturing industry), services, retail trade and construction confidence indices. The economic confidence index indicates an optimistic outlook about the general economic situation when the index is above 100, on contrary it indicates a pessimistic outlook when it is below 100. This page provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Economic Optimism Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Economic Optimism Index in South Korea decreased to 56 Net Balance in April from 64 Net Balance in March of 2020. Economic Optimism Index in South Korea averaged 99.12 Net Balance from 2003 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 117 Net Balance in March of 2006 and a record low of 55 Net Balance in December of 2008. In South Korea, The Economic Sentiment Index (ESI) is a composite of the BSI (Business Survey Index) and the CSI (Consumer Survey Index). The index is compiled to comprehensively grasp the private sector perception of economic conditions, including the sentiments of both businesses and consumers. An ESI reading above 100 is interpreted as meaning that economic sentiment in the private sector, including that of both businesses and consumers, is on a level better than past averages (and vice versa when the reading is below 100), since the ESI is constructed so that it is distributed around a long-term mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10. This page provides - South Korea Economic Optimism Index- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Economic Optimism Index in the United States increased to 49.70 in May from 47.80 in April of 2020. Economic Optimism Index in the United States averaged 49.94 from 2001 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 62.90 in March of 2002 and a record low of 35.80 in August of 2011. IBD/TIPP Economic Optimism Index measures Americans' opinions and outlooks on the economy. The index is based on a nationwide survey of 900 adults and evaluates six-month economic outlook, personal financial outlook, confidence in federal economic policies. Reading above 50 indicates optimism, and below 50 indicates pessimism. This page provides the latest reported value for - United States IBD/TIPP Economic Optimism Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Economic Optimism Index In the Euro Area decreased to 67 in April from 94.20 in March of 2020. Economic Optimism Index in the Euro Area averaged 99.76 from 1985 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 118.60 in May of 2000 and a record low of 65.50 in March of 2009. In the Euro Area, the Economic sentiment indicator is a composite measure (average=100) that calculates the confidence level among: manufacturers (40 percent of the index); service providers (30 percent); consumers (20 percent); retailers (5 percent) and constructors (5 percent). This page provides - Euro Area Economic Sentiment Indicator- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Economic Optimism Index in Latvia decreased to 77.70 in April from 96.10 in March of 2020. Economic Optimism Index in Latvia averaged 94.09 from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 116.60 in February of 2007 and a record low of 30.10 in April of 1993. In Latvia, economic sentiment indicator refers to the general social economic situation among manufacturers, service providers, traders, constructors and consumers in a defined period. This page provides - Latvia Economic Sentiment Indicator- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Costa Rica increased to 678549 CRC/Month in January from 675625 CRC/Month in December of 2019. Wages in Costa Rica averaged 547548.49 CRC/Month from 2009 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 792836 CRC/Month in January of 2017 and a record low of 357554 CRC/Month in February of 2009. This page provides - Costa Rica Wages- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Philippines increased to 13487.30 PHP/Month in 2018 from 12646 PHP/Month in 2017. Wages in Philippines averaged 8375.27 PHP/Month from 2001 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 13487.30 PHP/Month in 2018 and a record low of 5798 PHP/Month in 2001. This page provides - Philippines Wage Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Economic Optimism Index in Slovakia decreased to 83.80 points in April from 97.90 points in March of 2020. Economic Optimism Index in Slovakia averaged 103.41 points from 1997 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 119 points in July of 2007 and a record low of 71.90 points in May of 2009. This page provides - Slovakia Economic Optimism Index- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index Philippines increased 0.04 percent in March of 2014 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Philippines averaged -0.02 percent from 1983 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 0.64 percent in the first quarter of 2008 and a record low of -0.63 percent in the third quarter of 2009. In Philippines, the Composite Leading Economic Index serve as basis for short-term forecasting of the macroeconomic activity in the country, based on an empirical observation of cycles of many economic data series related to the cycles of total business activity. The composite computation uses reference series from 11 leading economic indicators: consumer price index, electric energy consumption, exchange rate, hotel occupancy rate, money supply, number of new business incorporations, stock price index, terms of trade index, total merchandise imports, visitor arrivals, and wholesale price index. This page provides - Philippines Leading Composite Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index Uganda increased 0.53 percent in October of 2019 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Uganda averaged 0.56 percent from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2.16 percent in October of 2010 and a record low of -1.65 percent in April of 2011. This page provides - Uganda Composite Index of Economic Activity- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index in Singapore decreased to 107.70 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 108.70 points in the third quarter of 2019. Leading Economic Index in Singapore averaged 67.04 points from 1978 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 109.90 points in the fourth quarter of 2017 and a record low of 23.70 points in the first quarter of 1978. In Singapore, the Composite Leading Index is a predictive tool to anticipate upturns and downturns in the economy and approximately when, an expansion or recession will take place. It is an aggregation of nine economic indicators: total new companies formed, money supply (M2), stock exchange of Singapore indices, business expectations for wholesale trade, business expectations for stock of finished goods (manufacturing), US Purchasing Managers’ Index (manufacturing), total non-oil Seaborne Cargo Handled, domestic liquidity indicator, total non-oil retained imports. The index has a base value of 100 as of 2005. This page provides - Singapore Leading Composite Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index Bolivia increased 4.11 percent in December of 2019 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Bolivia averaged 4.69 percent from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 8.36 percent in August of 2013 and a record low of -2.37 percent in November of 2019. In Bolivia, the Global Index of Economic Activity summarizes the activity of different economic sectors in a given month, anticipating future movements in GDP. The calculation is based on several economic activities weighted by share in GDP, including agriculture and forestry, fishing, mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas, water, construction, commerce, restaurants and hotels, transport, communications, financial services, business services, housing services, public administration services. The index has a base value of 100 as of 1990. This page provides - Bolivia Leading Economic Index- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index Israel increased 0.26 percent in February of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Israel averaged 0.35 percent from 1975 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1.11 percent in May of 1991 and a record low of -0.65 percent in February of 1980. In Israel, the Composite State-of-the-Economy Index is a synthetic indicator examining the direction in which real economic activity is moving in a real time. It is calculated based on 10 different components: industrial production index, trade revenue, services revenue, imports of consumer products, imports of manufacturing inputs, export of goods, export of services, number of employee posts in the private sector, rate of vacant employee positions and the number of building starts. The index has a base value of 100 as of 2011. This page provides - Israel Leading Composite Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index Brazil increased 0.35 percent in February of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Brazil averaged 0.17 percent from 2003 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3.26 percent in June of 2018 and a record low of -3.85 percent in May of 2018. In Brazil, the Economic Activity Index (IBC-Br) is considered as a preview of the GDP figures and it is widely used by the Central Bank's Monetary Policy Committee to determine whether to modify basic interest rate. The index reflects the performance of the three main sectors of the economy: agriculture, industry and services and has a base value of 100 as of 2002. This page provides the latest reported value for - Brazil Leading Economic Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Leading Economic Index Portugal increased 1.50 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Portugal averaged 1.86 percent from 1978 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 6.30 percent in May of 1988 and a record low of -6.40 percent in January of 2012. In Portugal, economic activity year-on-year refers to the annual change of the coincident indicator for the Portuguese economy activity that includes eight major indicators: real GDP; retail sales volume (retail trade survey); sales of heavy commercial vehicles; cement sales; manufacturing production index; households’ financial situation (consumer survey); new job vacancies; and an external environment proxy. This page provides - Portugal Economic Activity YoY- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index in China increased to 102.40 points in December from 102 points in November of 2019. Leading Economic Index in China averaged 103.61 points from 1991 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 118.17 points in July of 1992 and a record low of 98.87 points in July of 1998. In China, the Leading Index is used to forecast the future economic trend. The index is based on a group of eight indicators reflecting different aspects of economic activity including: Hang Seng China Mainland circulation index, investment in newly started project, ratio of industrial production, real estate development leading index, money supply M2, national debt interest rate spread, consumer expectations index, logistics Index. The index has a base value of 100 as of 1996. This page provides - China Leading Economic Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index Australia decreased 0.85 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Australia averaged -0.01 percent from 1960 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 0.54 percent in April of 1975 and a record low of -1.11 percent in December of 2008. The Westpac-Melbourne Institute Leading Index of Economic Activity combines a selection of economic variables that typically lead fluctuations in economic activity into a single measure that provides a reliable cyclical indicator for the Australian economy. The index includes the following components: S&P/ASX 200, dwelling approvals, US industrial production, RBA Commodity Prices Index (A$), aggregate monthly hours worked, Westpac-MI CSI expectations index, Westpac-MI Unemployment expectations index, yield spread (10Y bond – 90D bill). The index has a base value of 100 as of 1996. This page provides the latest reported value for - Australia Leading Economic Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Leading Economic Index Argentina decreased 0.90 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Argentina averaged 0.18 percent from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4.40 percent in July of 2003 and a record low of -4.60 percent in February of 2001. In Argentina, the Leading Index (ILCIF) anticipates turning points in economic activity throughout the cycle. The index is composed by ten selected series according to their compliance, temporal consistency, economic rationality, representativeness and availability. These series are the following: stock market index of Buenos Aires, Merval Argentina, approved building plans, cement dispatches, bankruptcies, authorized contracts of property transactions, consumer confidence index, M2 Money Supply, metallurgical industry, use of intermediate goods. The index has a base value of 100 as of January of 1993. This page provides - Argentina Leading Composite Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index in Japan increased to 91.70 points in February from 90.70 points in January of 2020. Leading Economic Index in Japan averaged 93.22 points from 1985 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 108.50 points in April of 2006 and a record low of 72.20 points in February of 2009. In Japan, the Leading Composite Index consists of 12 indexes such as account inventory ratios, machinery orders, stock prices and other leading economic indicators. The index anticipates changes in the direction of the Japanese economy in the coming months. In general, increase in the index reflects that the economy is in an expansion phase, and decreasing coincident index reflects that the economy is in a contraction phase. The index is used to make official judgement on when the business cycle begins and ends. This page provides - Japan Leading Composite Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index Malaysia decreased 0.80 percent in December of 2019 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Malaysia averaged 0.17 percent from 1991 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 4.50 percent in April of 1994 and a record low of -3.30 percent in November of 1991. In Malaysia, the Leading Index provides early signal on the direction in which the economy is going. It is calculated based on real money supply M1, Bursa Malaysia industrial index, real total traded (eight major trading partners: Japan, USA, Germany, UK, Singapore, Thailand, China, Canada), CPI for services (inverted), industrial material price index, ratio of price to unit labor cost (manufacturing), number of housing permits approved, number of new companies registered, trend adjustment factor. The index has a base value of 100 as of 2005. This page provides - Malaysia Leading Composite Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Leading Economic Index Mexico decreased 0.60 percent in February of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Leading Economic Index in Mexico averaged 2.33 percent from 1994 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 12.60 percent in October of 1996 and a record low of -11 percent in April of 2009. In Mexico, the Leading Index provides early signal on the direction in which the economy is going. It aggregates the following indicators: employment trend in manufacturing sector, non-oil exports, Mexican stock exchange index in real terms, real exchange rate, the interbank interest rate, Standard & Poor's 500. The index has a base value of 100 as of 2008. This page provides the latest reported value for - Mexico Overall Index of Economic Activity - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.