Several OECD countries have published their plans for the development of a future bioeconomy, in which bio-based materials and production techniques will contribute significantly to economic and environmental sustainability. The case for support for bio-based chemicals and plastics therefore warrants serious attention.

Banks Balance Sheet in Ukraine decreased to 2031565 UAH Million in February from 2033281 UAH Million in January of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Ukraine averaged 1342014.65 UAH Million from 2007 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2033281 UAH Million in January of 2020 and a record low of 374153.94 UAH Million in February of 2007. This page provides - Ukraine Banks Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Luxembourg increased to 1182739 EUR Million in November from 1166878 EUR Million in October of 2019. Banks Balance Sheet in Luxembourg averaged 1004696 EUR Million from 2001 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1345434 EUR Million in October of 2008 and a record low of 711466 EUR Million in January of 2001. This page provides the latest reported value for - Luxembourg Banks Balance Sheet - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Trade Balance - Cumulative in South Africa increased to 12127.31 ZAR Million in March from -2986.13 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Trade Balance - Cumulative in South Africa averaged -64972.52 ZAR Million from 2013 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 12127.31 ZAR Million in March of 2020 and a record low of -198550.91 ZAR Million in December of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Trade Balance - Cumulative.

Myanmar recorded a trade deficit of 66.30 USD Million in September of 2019. Balance of Trade in Myanmar averaged -206.88 USD Million from 2010 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 593.30 USD Million in August of 2011 and a record low of -948.50 USD Million in July of 2015. Myanmar had been trading mostly with neighboring countries due to political circumstances and poor infrastructure, but the change to democracy is likely to allow access to new markets. Oil and natural gas dominate Myanmar's exports. Other exports include vegetables, wood, fish, clothing, rubber and fruits. Myanmar mainly imports fuel, vegetable oil, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, construction equipment, polymers, tires and machinery. Myanmar's main trading partners are China, India, Japan, Indonesia, Germany and Hong-Kong. This page provides - Myanmar Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Morocco decreased to 1426031 MAD Million in February from 1431200 MAD Million in January of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Morocco averaged 872056.34 MAD Million from 2001 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1448618 MAD Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 360422.93 MAD Million in March of 2002. This page provides - Morocco Banks Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This paper reviews currency-based measures (CBMs) directed at banks in 49 countries between 2005 and 2013. These measures apply a discrimination, such as less favourable treatment, on the basis of the currency of an operation, typically foreign currencies. The new data shows that CBMs have been increasingly used in the post-crisis period, including for macro-prudential purposes.

Paris, 25 May 2018 - Following a keynote speech from Emmanuelle Auriol, Professor at Toulouse School of Economics and Chair of Women in Economics of the European Economic Association, discussions at this event will explore some of the issues emerging from the gender biases evident in the field of economics.

Nepal recorded a trade deficit of 103773.70 Million NPR in December of 2019. Balance of Trade in Nepal averaged -37973.27 Million NPR from 2001 until 2019, reaching an all time high of -3913.30 Million NPR in October of 2001 and a record low of -132194.70 Million NPR in September of 2018. Nepal’s lack of infrastructure and geographic constraints has led to chronic trade deficits. Nepal mainly exports iron and steel, knotted carpets, textiles, plastics, hollow tubes, beverages and vegetables. Nepal mainly imports oil, gold, iron and steel, clothes, pharmaceutical products, cement, electronic appliances, food and vehicles. This page provides - Nepal Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Brunei decreased to 16853.63 BND Million in September from 16891.02 BND Million in August of 2019. Banks Balance Sheet in Brunei averaged 17979.12 BND Million from 2011 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 21121 BND Million in December of 2011 and a record low of 16118 BND Million in February of 2011. This page provides - Brunei Banks Balance Sheet- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Malawi recorded a trade deficit of 91901 MWK Million in June of 2019. Balance of Trade in Malawi averaged -28712.58 MWK Million from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 4926 MWK Million in November of 2009 and a record low of -187035.40 MWK Million in August of 2018. Malawi’s landlocked location increases import costs and poses an obstacle to exports. Malawi is dependent on imports of fuel and consumer goods. However, tobacco trade (55 percent of total exports) represents a major source of income for the country. Malawi’s main trading partners are: South Africa, Zambia, China and United States. This page provides - Malawi Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Greece decreased to 308964.26 EUR Million in March from 314569.78 EUR Million in February of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Greece averaged 327086.40 EUR Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 544679.70 EUR Million in June of 2010 and a record low of 141300.10 EUR Million in March of 1998. This page provides the latest reported value for - Greece Banks Balance Sheet - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Cyprus recorded a trade deficit of 539694 EUR Thousand in February of 2020. Balance of Trade in Cyprus averaged -207406.81 EUR Thousand from 1975 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 158661 EUR Thousand in March of 2018 and a record low of -925948 EUR Thousand in May of 2016. Trade is an integral part of the recent economic success of Cyprus, as the island nation falls short of being self-sufficient for food and fuel. As such, Cyprus is a net importer of fuels, raw materials, heavy machinery and transportation equipment. Cyprus mostly exports citrus fruits, cement, potatoes, clothing and pharmaceuticals. Cyprus' largest, and most important, trading partner is the European Union, which accounts for 50% of all Cypriot trade flows, followed by the Middle East, destination for 20% of exports from Cyprus. In the European Union, the UK and Greece account for the largest share of trade due to historical connections. Recent discoveries of offshore gas will likely diminish Cyprus' need for importing energy and lead to a shift in the composition of its exports. This page provides - Cyprus Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Over the last four years we have lived and worked under the impact of the greatest economic crisis of our lifetimes. Recent actions in Europe have cleared a bit the fog but the confidence in the markets is still shaky and the long-term growth perspective of Europe is muted.

Low growth and huge current account deficits have characterised the Portuguese economy over the past decade.

The balance of economic power is expected to shift dramatically over the next half century, with fast-growing emerging-market economies accounting for an ever-increasing share of global output, according to a new OECD report.

The euro area crisis finds its roots in the credit booms seen in many countries following the introduction of the euro in 1999. Easy credit led to strong growth in a range of sectors, notably housing, as well as higher levels of public spending. Inflation in these over-heating economies was higher than the euro area as a whole. Rising prices led to rising costs and a loss of international competitiveness.

Structural reforms offer governments a powerful tool to boost economic growth, create jobs and bring about a strong and balanced economic recovery, according to the OECD’s latest Going for Growth report.

A simple econometric framework is presented linking current account balances of euro area countries to intra and extra euro area competitiveness, cyclical positions, fiscal positions and the oil price.

Austerity programmes to restore order to public finances can add to the woes of already struggling economies, leading to more job losses and social hardship. But there are ways for governments to put their fiscal houses in order, while supporting growth and reducing income inequality at the same time.

We therefore need a “copernician” change in our approach to the growth – inequality nexus: let’s not think growth first, and inequality thereafter but let’s consider both of them, together, in their circularity. In other words, let’s think “Inclusive Growth”, right from the start, and let’s make it another touchstone of our efforts and complement the Pittsburgh tryptic of strong, sustainable and balanced growth!

The generous Danish welfare state relies on a high degree of labour force participation both for financing and in order to ensure social cohesion.

The generous Danish welfare state relies on a high degree of labour force participation both for financing and in order to ensure social cohesion.

Turkey’s manufacturing sector has expanded considerably but not efficiently and competitively enough.

Turkey’s manufacturing sector has expanded considerably but not efficiently and competitively enough.

While India’s per capita income is converging towards that of the richer countries, inequality has drifted up.

The Nordics are rightly renowned for being inclusive societies with low inequality compared to other OECD countries. However, some of the largest inequality increases over the past few decades took place in Sweden, Finland and Denmark.

Global trade imbalances narrowed in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. They have remained at a lower level but are still of concern to policy makers because of the risks they pose to individual economies, as well as globally.

Effective macroeconomic and structural policies helped Turkey bounce back quickly and strongly from the global crisis, with annual growth averaging close to 9% over 2010-11

Austerity programmes to restore order to public finances can add to the woes of already struggling economies, leading to more job losses and social hardship. But there are ways for governments to put their fiscal houses in order, while supporting growth and reducing income inequality at the same time.

After peaking in the first half of 2008, international imbalances declined sharply during the global crisis of 2008-09, in part reflecting cyclical factors such as large contractions in domestic demand on the back of bursting housing bubbles in a number of deficit countries, as well as large declines in cross-border capital flows, interest rates and commodity prices.

Turkey recovered swiftly from the global financial crisis but sizeable macroeconomic imbalances arose in the process.

This paper re-estimates the elasticities of government revenue and expenditure items with respect to the output gap for OECD countries. These elasticities are used by the OECD to calculate cyclically adjusted fiscal balances. The study updates the earlier 2005 study using the most recent datasets and tax codes, the coverage being confined in this paper to 35 countries, the 34 OECD member states and Latvia.

Women’s representation in parliaments remains a global issue. In 2016, women constituted 23% of parliamentarians over both upper and lower houses combined, with the Pacific, Arab States and Asia having the lowest representation (16.4%, 18.2%, and 19.2% respectively).

Algeria recorded a trade deficit of 2740 USD Million in the first quarter of 2019. Balance of Trade in Algeria averaged 1820.71 USD Million from 1992 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 34060 USD Million in the second quarter of 2006 and a record low of -2740 USD Million in the first quarter of 2019. The Algerian economy is highly dependent on petroleum and natural gas exports. Hydrocarbons account for over 95% of export earnings. Algeria main exports partners are United States, Italy, Spain, France and Canada. Algeria imports mainly capital goods, foodstuffs and consumer goods. Its main import partners are: France, China, Italy, Spain and Germany. This page provides - Algeria Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Bulgaria recorded a trade deficit of 421.40 BGN Million in February of 2020. Balance of Trade in Bulgaria averaged -666.92 BGN Million from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 98.50 BGN Million in July of 2017 and a record low of -2106.20 BGN Million in October of 2008. Bulgaria exports mostly fuels, manufactured goods (clothing, footwear), machinery and transport equipment and chemicals. Bulgaria's main exports partners are Germany,Turkey, Italy, Greece and Romania. Bulgaria imports fuels, machinery and transport equipment, metals, raw materials. Bulgaria's main imports partners are Russia, Germany, Romania and Italy. This page provides - Bulgaria Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Poland increased to 2216021.10 PLN Million in March from 2149467 PLN Million in February of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Poland averaged 1044355.30 PLN Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2216021.10 PLN Million in March of 2020 and a record low of 208191.90 PLN Million in December of 1996. This page provides the latest reported value for - Poland Banks Balance Sheet - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Gabon recorded a trade surplus of 2018.60 CFA Billion in 2018. Balance of Trade in Gabon averaged 1975.78 CFA Billion from 1998 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3233.90 CFA Billion in 2013 and a record low of 439.16 CFA Billion in 1998. In recent years, Gabon has been recording trade surpluses due to petroleum exports. With virtually no manufacturing industry, Gabon is dependent on imports of consumer goods and capital equipment. Gabon’s main trading partners are: China, United States and European Union. This page provides - Gabon Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Maldives recorded a trade deficit of 234.30 USD Million in November of 2019. Balance of Trade in Maldives averaged -117.37 USD Million from 2005 until 2019, reaching an all time high of -43.30 USD Million in April of 2005 and a record low of -258.60 USD Million in March of 2018. The Maldives runs consistent trade deficits, as it imports most of what it consumes and has a very small manufacturing base. The Maldives’ main export product is fish (accounting for over 40 percent of total exports). Others include engines and metal scrap. The Maldives mainly imports fuel, aircraft, wood, prefabricated buildings, iron and steel, telecommunication equipment, vegetables and cement. The Maldive’s main trading partners are the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, India, France, Thailand, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. This page provides - Maldives Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Afghanistan recorded a trade deficit of 5131.30 USD Million in 2018. Balance of Trade in Afghanistan averaged -4684.60 USD Million from 2003 until 2018, reaching an all time high of -1660.90 USD Million in 2005 and a record low of -8517.90 USD Million in 2012. Since 2006, Afghanistan´s trade deficit has been widening as imports have surged due to the reconstruction effort. Afghanistan main exports are: carpets and rugs; dried fruits and medical plans. Main imports are: petroleum; machinery and equipment and food items. Afghanistan´s main trading partners are: Pakistan (48 percent of total exports and 14 percent of imports) and Russia (9 percent of exports and 13 percent of imports). Others include: Iran, China, India, Japan and Turkey. This page provides - Afghanistan Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Romania recorded a trade deficit of 1.28 EUR Million in February of 2020. Balance of Trade in Romania averaged -666.21 EUR Million from 1992 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 137.60 EUR Million in February of 1996 and a record low of -2542.10 EUR Million in September of 2008. Romania exports mostly machinery and transport equipment, raw materials, and miscellaneous manufactured articles like textiles and footwear. Romania imports machinery and transport equipment, raw materials, chemicals and fuels. More than 70% of exports and imports are with other European Union members with Italy, Germany and France being the most important. This page provides - Romania Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Romania increased to 558342.80 RON Million in March from 539985.02 RON Million in February of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Romania averaged 391303.39 RON Million from 2007 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 558342.80 RON Million in March of 2020 and a record low of 181252.30 RON Million in January of 2007. This page provides - Romania Banks Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Croatia increased to 434076.80 HRK Million in February from 430472.50 HRK Million in January of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Croatia averaged 233180.40 HRK Million from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 434076.80 HRK Million in February of 2020 and a record low of 37395.70 HRK Million in December of 1993. This page provides - Croatia Banks Balance Sheet- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Madagascar recorded a trade deficit of 194250 million MGA in December of 2019. Balance of Trade in Madagascar averaged -259072.01 million MGA from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 177517 million MGA in December of 2018 and a record low of -772177 million MGA in June of 2016. Madagascar’s systemic trade deficit is due to the country’s dependency on the imports of fuel and capital equipment. Madagascar is a net exporter of graphite, coffee and vanilla. Main trading partners are: France, China and Indonesia. This page provides - Madagascar Balance of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Czech Republic increased to 8201518.60 CZK Million in February from 8139085.60 CZK Million in January of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Czech Republic averaged 3834789.71 CZK Million from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 8201518.60 CZK Million in February of 2020 and a record low of 1097835 CZK Million in March of 1993. This page provides - Czech Republic Banks Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Lithuania increased to 32733.80 EUR Million in March from 32330 EUR Million in February of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Lithuania averaged 17247.24 EUR Million from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 32733.80 EUR Million in March of 2020 and a record low of 1426.30 EUR Million in December of 1993. This page provides the latest reported value for - Lithuania Banks Balance Sheet - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Israel increased to 1622240 NIS Million in November from 1616392 NIS Million in October of 2019. Banks Balance Sheet in Israel averaged 1320809.74 NIS Million from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1622240 NIS Million in November of 2019 and a record low of 1037203.10 NIS Million in January of 2009. This page provides the latest reported value for - Israel Banks Balance Sheet - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Qatar increased to 1588578.20 QAR Million in March from 1566173.50 QAR Million in February of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Qatar averaged 301532.75 QAR Million from 1982 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1588578.20 QAR Million in March of 2020 and a record low of 9829.80 QAR Million in January of 1982. This page provides - Qatar Banks Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Macedonia increased to 629160 MKD Million in November from 624755 MKD Million in October of 2019. Banks Balance Sheet in Macedonia averaged 361440.82 MKD Million from 2003 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 629160 MKD Million in November of 2019 and a record low of 113541 MKD Million in January of 2003. This page provides the latest reported value for - Macedonia Banks Balance Sheet - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Botswana increased to 99110.40 BWP Million in January from 98685.40 BWP Million in December of 2019. Banks Balance Sheet in Botswana averaged 70917.84 BWP Million from 2004 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 99110.40 BWP Million in January of 2020 and a record low of 14842.25 BWP Million in December of 2004. This page provides the latest reported value for - Botswana Banks Balance Sheet - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.