How far to go – and to remain – in the direction of highly expansionary monetary policy hinges on the balance of marginal benefits and costs of additional monetary easing and its expected evolution over time. This paper sketches a framework for assessing this balance and applies it to four OECD economic areas: the euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The prospective normalisation of monetary policies in the main OECD areas will be challenging given that current policy rates are likely to be significantly below neutral levels and that central bank balance sheets will be above the pre-crisis levels by a wide margin.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, was in Mexico from 6 to 9 January 2015 on an official visit, to present the OECD 2015 Economic Survey of Mexico alongside Mr. Luis Videgaray, Minister of Finance of Mexico.

The Secretary-General of the OECD was in Tallinn on 28 January to launch the Economic Survey of Estonia 2015.

Mr Gurría presented the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium alongside Mr. Charles Michel, Prime Minister of Belgium.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, was in Istanbul on 9-10 February 2015 to attend the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, was in Athens on 10-11 February 2015 on an official visit to Greece.

Mr. Angel Gurría, OECD Secretary-General, was in London on 23-24 February to present the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom, alongside Mr. George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer.

The set of monetary policy instruments has expanded since the start of the global financial crisis in the many OECD economies. Against this background, this paper analyses whether some of the new instruments should be retained in the long term when broader financial stability objectives are likely to feature more prominently as monetary policy goals than prior to the crisis.

Low oil prices and monetary easing are boosting growth in the world’s major economies, but the near-term pace of expansion remains modest, withabnormally low inflation and interest rates pointing to risks of financial instability, according to the OECD’s latest Interim Economic Assessment.

Economic and social reforms undertaken over the past two decades have driven Peruvian efforts to achieve sustainable economic growth and important reductions in poverty. Against a context of weak global growth, Peru will need to diversify its economy, boost skills, reinforce productivity across the labour force and unleash the potential of all regions in order to spur more inclusive national growth.

Structural reforms are regularly assessed based on their ability to boost GDP per capita. This emphasis relies on the assumption that higher GDP per capita is systematically associated with rising living standards for the vast majority of citizens. This view is increasingly being challenged.

In Santiago, he will present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Chile, alongside Mr. Nicolás Eyzaguirre Guzmán, Minister of Finance of Chile.

In Brasilia, he will present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil, alongside Mr. Ilan Goldfajn, Central Bank Governor, Mr. Henrique Meirelles, Minister of Finance, and Mr. Dyogo Oliveira, Minister of Planning of Brazil.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in Athens on Monday 30 April 2018 to present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Greece, alongside Mr. Alexis Tsipras, Prime Minister of Greece.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in Washington on 6-7 June 2018 to present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of the United States.While in Washington, the Secretary-General will hold bilateral meetings with several US high level officials.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in Berlin on 11-12 June 2018 to attend a meeting with Chancellor Merkel and Heads of International Organisations. While in Berlin, the Secretary-General will also present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Germany.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, was in Madrid 13-15 June 2018. The Secretary-General delivered remarks at the event organised by the Consejo Iberoamericano para la Competitividad y Productividad: "Innovación gubernamental para un Estado al servicio de la Sociedad".

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in The Hague on 2 July 2018 to present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of The Netherlands. While in The Hague, the Secretary-General will hold bilateral meetings with several Ministers and high-level officials of The Netherlands.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in Prague on 16 July 2018 on an official visit. He will present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey and the Environmental Performance Review of the Czech Republic.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, was in Vienna on 7-8 September 2018 to attend the Eurogroup Meeting / Informal Meeting of Economic and Financial Affairs Ministers (ECOFIN).

OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría will present two new major publications on Brazil during news conferences on 22 October in Brasilia. He will also hold a series of high-level meetings with Brazilian government officials.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in Brasilia on 21-22 October 2013 to present the OECD Economic Survey of Brazil and hold meetings with several Ministers.

OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría today welcomed Brazil’s further engagement with the Organisation’s world-leading global education assessment programme (PISA) during a signing ceremony in Brasilia with Brazil’s Minister for Education Aloízio Mercadante.

Low oil prices and monetary easing are boosting growth in the world’s major economies, but the near-term pace of expansion remains modest, withabnormally low inflation and interest rates pointing to risks of financial instability, according to the OECD’s latest Interim Economic Assessment.

Strong crop yields, higher productivity and slower growth in global demand should contribute to a gradual decline in real prices for agricultural products over the coming decade, but nonetheless, prices will likely remain at levels above those in the early-2000s, according to the latest Agricultural Outlook report produced by the OECD and FAO.

s part of ongoing efforts to deepen longstanding ties between the OECD and Brazil, OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría will conduct an official visit on 3-5 November.

In Brasilia, he will present the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil, alongside Mr. Ilan Goldfajn, Central Bank Governor, Mr. Henrique Meirelles, Minister of Finance, and Mr. Dyogo Oliveira, Minister of Planning of Brazil.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in Brasilia on 21st March 2018 to attend the World Water Forum.

Mexico’s river basins are under severe water stress. The quality of rivers, lakes and aquifers is declining and floods, droughts, and hurricanes are more frequent. These are some of the alerts signaled in OECD’s Making Water Reform Happen in Mexico.

The Spanish government has launched a series of ambitious public administration reforms as part of wider efforts to promote economic competitiveness and strengthen trust in government and public institutions.

These principles give practical guidance for designing, implementing and improving budget systems to meet the challenges of the future. They are currently being considered as a draft Recommendation of the OECD Council, underpinning their importance to good public governance.

This paper analyses two-way interactions between monetary policy and inequality in selected advanced economies. In the context of a highly accommodative monetary stance over recent years, the analysis focuses on the effects of monetary policy on inequality over the business cycle via its impacts on returns on assets, the cost of debt servicing and asset prices.

To investigate how public finances could best be designed to promote long-run growth and address inequality, it is essential to have comprehensive, cross-country comparable data on government spending and revenues, along with structural and policy indicators.

“I am deeply saddened to learn about the tragic deaths of Michael Sharp and Zaida Catalan, members of the UN Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). On behalf of my Organisation, I wish to convey our condolences to their families and colleagues from the UN and beyond, who had the pleasure of working with them."

Seventy years ago, scientist Alan Turing philosophically asked whether machines could think. Coined in 1956, the terms artificial intelligence and AI are now everywhere. Since 2011, breakthroughs in “machine learning”–an AI subset that uses a statistical approach–has dramatically improved the ability of machines to make predictions. A machine learning technique called “neural networks”, as well as large datasets and computing power, are fueling AI’s rapid expansion.

Exports of Fabricated Metal Products in Germany increased to 3573593 EUR THO in February from 3518242 EUR THO in January of 2020. Exports of Fabricated Metal Products in Germany averaged 2734169.38 EUR THO from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4141247 EUR THO in October of 2018 and a record low of 1315775 EUR THO in January of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for Germany Exports of Fabricated Metal Products.

Imports of Fabricated Metal Products in Germany decreased to 2340783 EUR THO in February from 2377340 EUR THO in January of 2020. Imports of Fabricated Metal Products in Germany averaged 1734036.38 EUR THO from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2797821 EUR THO in October of 2018 and a record low of 923584 EUR THO in February of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for Germany Imports of Fabricated Metal Products.

Exports: Exports: Ferrous Metals (Without Iron Cast) (Cmlv) in Russia increased to 1936.40 USD Million in February from 967.20 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports: Exports: Ferrous Metals (Without Iron Cas in Russia averaged 6180.18 USD Million from 1995 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 22354.40 USD Million in December of 2008 and a record low of 333.70 USD Million in January of 1995. Russia accounts for Exports of Exports of Ferrous Metals (withou using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports of Exports of Ferrous Metals (without Iro.

Exports of Ferrous Metals CMLV in Russia increased to 2468.50 USD Million in February from 1287.30 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports of Ferrous Metals CMLV in Russia averaged 7972.07 USD Million from 1994 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 30640.80 USD Million in December of 2008 and a record low of 227.10 USD Million in January of 1994. Russia accounts for Exports of Ferrous Metals using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports of Ferrous Metals CMLV.

Imports Intra Eu - Vegetable Plaiting Materials & Veg. Prds. Nie in the United Kingdom increased to 2.83 GBP Million in February from 2.07 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Vegetable Plaiting Materials & in the United Kingdom averaged 0.40 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3.05 GBP Million in June of 2019 and a record low of 0 GBP Million in December of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Vegetable Plaiting Material.

Imports Intra Eu - Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts, Plant Parts Prepared in the United Kingdom decreased to 192.86 GBP Million in February from 212.25 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts, Plant P in the United Kingdom averaged 123.78 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 254.15 GBP Million in October of 2019 and a record low of 57.46 GBP Million in September of 1997. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts, Pla.

Imports Intra Eu - Pearls, Precious Stones & Metals & Coins in the United Kingdom increased to 650.53 GBP Million in February from 462.17 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Pearls, Precious Stones & Metal in the United Kingdom averaged 261.23 GBP Million from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 972.37 GBP Million in September of 2019 and a record low of 37.69 GBP Million in August of 2002. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Pearls, Precious Stones & M.

Imports Intra Eu - Miscellaneous Articles Of Base Metal in the United Kingdom increased to 85.21 GBP Million in February from 79.13 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Miscellaneous Articles Of Base in the United Kingdom averaged 60.83 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 105.36 GBP Million in October of 2019 and a record low of 7 GBP Million in March of 2015. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Miscellaneous Articles of B.

Imports - Vegetable Plaiting Materials & Veg. Prds. Nie in the United Kingdom increased to 6.07 GBP Million in February from 6.02 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports - Vegetable Plaiting Materials & Veg. Prds in the United Kingdom averaged 2.38 GBP Million from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 111.40 GBP Million in March of 2015 and a record low of 0.56 GBP Million in September of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Vegetable Plaiting Materials & Veg. Pr.

Imports - Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts & Plants Parts Prepared in the United Kingdom decreased to 220.92 GBP Million in February from 248.63 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports - Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts & Plants Parts Pr in the United Kingdom averaged 159.74 GBP Million from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 295.67 GBP Million in October of 2019 and a record low of 69.44 GBP Million in February of 2001. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts & Plants Parts.

Gdp From Services in Malawi increased to 238301.50 MWK Million in 2019 from 227996.40 MWK Million in 2018. Gdp From Services in Malawi averaged 161480.88 MWK Million from 2002 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 238301.50 MWK Million in 2019 and a record low of 81565.70 MWK Million in 2002. This page provides - Malawi Gdp From Services- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Services in Singapore decreased to 16652.80 SGD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 16677.30 SGD Million in the third quarter of 2019. GDP From Services in Singapore averaged 6756.02 SGD Million from 1975 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 17380.90 SGD Million in the second quarter of 2018 and a record low of 1105.30 SGD Million in the fourth quarter of 1975. This page provides - Singapore Gdp From Services- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Services in Israel increased to 37799.30 ILS Million in the third quarter of 2019 from 35545.30 ILS Million in the second quarter of 2019. GDP From Services in Israel averaged 23685.27 ILS Million from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 37799.30 ILS Million in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 12916 ILS Million in the fourth quarter of 2002. Gdp From Services in Israel includes Arts, Entertainment and Recreation, Other Service Activities. This page provides - Israel Gdp From Services- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Services in Germany increased to 128.67 EUR Billion in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 127.65 EUR Billion in the third quarter of 2019. GDP From Services in Germany averaged 86.58 EUR Billion from 1991 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 128.67 EUR Billion in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 53.44 EUR Billion in the first quarter of 1991. This page provides - Germany Gdp From Services- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.