North Macedonia has today signed the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the Convention), becoming the 94th jurisdiction to join the Convention, which now covers over 1,650 bilateral tax treaties.

The Global Forum and the Italian Revenue Agency carried out an onsite visit in Tirana to assist Albania with the implementation of the international standard of automatic exchange of financial account information (AEOI).

This Investment Policy Review examines Tanzania's achievements in developing an open and transparent investment regime and its efforts to reduce restrictions on international investment.

Estonia’s framework for combating foreign bribery may be inadequate to efficiently tackle rising foreign bribery risks resulting from its increasingly export-intensive economy.

Serious steps must be taken by Slovenia to ensure that it effectively detects, investigates and prosecutes allegations of transnational bribery.

The OECD Working Group on Bribery expresses its serious concern regarding the situation of the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption (CPC) in Slovenia.

Lithuania has taken an important step on the road to OECD membership by completing the process to become a member of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. Lithuania will become the 42nd Party to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention on 15 July 2017, 60 days after the deposit of its instrument of accession.

This page contains all information relating to implementation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in Lithuania.

Lithuania has taken significant steps to strengthen its legislative framework to combat foreign bribery. Yet further efforts are needed to ensure effective enforcement of anti-bribery laws with regard to corporate liability and imposing sanctions for foreign bribery, including confiscation, according to a new report by the OECD Working Group on Bribery.

An overview of the long-term care situation in Estonia is available here.

An overview of the long-term care situation in Slovenia is available here.

Exports to Oceania in South Africa increased to 1310.85 ZAR Million in March from 902.57 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports to Oceania in South Africa averaged 1068.62 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1785.36 ZAR Million in August of 2018 and a record low of 574.50 ZAR Million in May of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports to Oceania.

Imports from Oceania in South Africa increased to 1426.59 ZAR Million in March from 1152.37 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports from Oceania in South Africa averaged 1329.03 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2501.83 ZAR Million in November of 2018 and a record low of 795.89 ZAR Million in April of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports from Oceania.

Government Debt in Romania increased to 323601.80 RON Million in the second quarter of 2019 from 314907.90 RON Million in the first quarter of 2019. Government Debt in Romania averaged 187764.88 RON Million from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 323601.80 RON Million in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 38469.80 RON Million in the fourth quarter of 2006. This page provides the latest reported value for - Romania Central Government Debt - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This review of Lithuania by the OECD Committee on Financial Markets examines Lithuania’s position with respect to core principles related to financial systems.

This publication looks at regional innovation in Wallonia, Belgium, by examining the political context, governance issues and the role of innovation in the economy, along with regional innovation strategies to promote growth.

Exports to Bosnia and Herzegovina in Turkey decreased to 37724.98 USD THO in March from 38450.79 USD THO in February of 2020. Exports to Bosnia and Herzegovina in Turkey averaged 30172.93 USD THO from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 43082.23 USD THO in March of 2019 and a record low of 14414.72 USD THO in January of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Turkey Exports to Bosnia And Herzegovina.

Imports from Slovenia in Turkey increased to 33194.37 USD THO in March from 27375.68 USD THO in February of 2020. Imports from Slovenia in Turkey averaged 27313.08 USD THO from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 45158 USD THO in February of 2015 and a record low of 18696.34 USD THO in August of 2018. This page includes a chart with historical data for Turkey Imports from Slovenia.

Imports from Romania in Turkey decreased to 225.59 USD Million in March from 226.11 USD Million in February of 2020. Imports from Romania in Turkey averaged 214.65 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 320.92 USD Million in September of 2014 and a record low of 109.75 USD Million in August of 2019. This page includes a chart with historical data for Turkey Imports from Romania.

Imports from Lithuania in Turkey decreased to 41727.63 USD THO in March from 47874.36 USD THO in February of 2020. Imports from Lithuania in Turkey averaged 28326.75 USD THO from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 72863.21 USD THO in May of 2017 and a record low of 4688 USD THO in September of 2019. This page includes a chart with historical data for Turkey Imports from Lithuania.

Imports from Estonia in Turkey decreased to 12714.25 USD THO in March from 28410.56 USD THO in February of 2020. Imports from Estonia in Turkey averaged 20762.47 USD THO from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 57094 USD THO in May of 2015 and a record low of 3921.67 USD THO in August of 2018. This page includes a chart with historical data for Turkey Imports from Estonia.

This note is taken from Chapter 2 of Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth 2012.

This note is taken from Chapter 2 of Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth 2012.

Estonia recovered forcefully from the global economic crisis but growth has since slowed, highlighting the need for further reforms that reduce exposure to external shocks and ensure against future boom/bust cycles, according to the OECD’s latest Economic Survey of Estonia.

This paper derives estimates of the efficiency of welfare spending in Slovenia and the other OECD countries from data envelopment analysis based on model specifications used in earlier OECD studies.

The Secretary-General of the OECD was in Tallinn on 28 January to launch the Economic Survey of Estonia 2015.

The underlying strengths of the Estonian economy have helped it bounce back from the crisis, but some challenges remain to finding a steeper, more inclusive and more sustainable growth path, according to the latest OECD Economic Survey of Estonia.

Economic reforms have helped Slovenia recover from the crisis, but further action is needed to strengthen the banking and corporate sectors, stabilise debt and create jobs, according to the latest OECD Economic Survey of Slovenia.

Important reforms have been implemented which raised credibility of Slovenia in the financial markets and boosted confidence. But economic recovery has been sluggish, many people are unemployed and living standards still remain below the pre-crisis levels.

Excessive credit growth, poor risk assessment and lax lending standards in the run up to the 2008 global crisis led to unsustainable debt build-up in banks and related corporates.

Lithuania has made remarkable economic and social progress, but further policy reforms will be necessary to ensure a more productive and inclusive economy, according to the first-ever OECD Economic Assessment of Lithuania.

Inequality measures in Lithuania (like in Estonia and Latvia) are high. To an important extent this is related to the high risk of poverty for non-working individuals and to the low rewards to work. Therefore, increasing the quality of jobs, ensuring that the most vulnerable have access to employment and providing adequate income support for those that have lost their job are key for making labour markets and the economy more inclusive.

GDP per capita in Lithuania rose from one third to two thirds of the OECD average level between 1995 and 2014, despite internal and external crises. Productivity catch-up was critical to this process, although the level of labour productivity also remains around one-third below the OECD average.

Although Lithuania’s growth has been impressive, inequality is high, the risk of poverty is one of the highest of European countries, and life expectancy is comparatively low and strongly dependent on socio-economic background.

In 2015 the Lithuanian government launched an ambitious Social Model reform agenda aimed at balancing flexibility of the labour market and security provided through the system of social protection.

GDP per capita in Lithuania rose from one third to two thirds of the OECD average level between 1995 and 2014, despite internal and external crises. Productivity catch-up was critical to this process, although the level of labour productivity also remains around one-third below the OECD average.

Although Lithuania’s growth has been impressive, inequality is high, the risk of poverty is one of the highest of European countries, and life expectancy is comparatively low and strongly dependent on socio-economic background.

In 2015 the Lithuanian government launched an ambitious Social Model reform agenda aimed at balancing flexibility of the labour market and security provided through the system of social protection.

In the past two decades, the income level in Lithuania has steadily risen toward that of OECD countries. Between 1995 and 2013, GDP per capita rose from one third to two thirds of the OECD average. Productivity catch-up was critical to this process, aided by enhanced integration into the global economy which enabled the adoption of more advanced production technologies from abroad.

Slovenia’s living standards measured in GDP per capita are currently some 20% below the EU15 average and have not yet reached their pre-crisis level.

Slovenia’s living standards measured in GDP per capita are currently some 20% below the EU15 average and have not yet reached their pre-crisis level.

The Slovenian economy is rebounding after a long downturn, experiencing stronger growth, declining unemployment, healthier public finances and renewed income convergence with more advanced European economies. Further reforms are now needed to increase investment, boost productivity, improve living standards and ensure that all Slovenians benefit from inclusive growth, according to a new report from the OECD.

Modernisation has mainly been achieved by training young Slovenians to fill new occupations. In contrast, those with obsolete skills tend to retire or become unemployed rather than retrain, leaving Slovenia with persistent long-term unemployment, and amongst the lowest employment rates of older workers in the OECD.

Estonia: Policy action is needed for stronger and more inclusive growth

International trade plays an important role in the Estonian economy. Around a half of the private sector employment is sustained by foreign demand, twice as much as the OECD average.

Estonian growth is picking up again strongly in 2017 and the level of activity has finally surpassed its pre-crisis level, almost 10 years after the outset of the financial crisis. However, poverty remains among the highest in the OECD.

Slovenia has continued to shift from traditional manufacturing to business services and high-tech production. However, not all Slovenians have been included in this progress.

While the Slovenian economy has been successful in bounding forward, it has taken hard falls in the past, and a lack of resilience means it has taken a long time to recover.

Higher living standards and well-being, as well as convergence with more advanced economies, will depend on achieving higher productivity, which in turn would be boosted by more investment in capital.

Since the crisis, Estonia has experienced one of the most pronounced declines in the ratio of non-residential investment to GDP in the OECD.