This paper analyses the effects of the Greek crisis on inequality and poverty in 2009-2014 using the micro-simulation model EUROMOD.

The presenter, 40, also sweetly admitted that their baby daughter Patricia has 'completed' them as she spoke about her family in a candid interview.

Demi Moore has criticised ex-husband Ashton Kutcher for 'shaming' her by sharing a picture of her in her underwear during their marriage in the latest bombshell revelation from her tell-all memoir.

The 27-year-old Migos rapper reminded Brown and his fans about Brown's 2009 beating of Rihanna, which occurred 10 years ago Friday after a pre-Grammy party in Los Angeles.

Real Madrid had publicly courted Ronaldo throughout the 2008-09 season and shattered the transfer record that summer by paying £80m to bring the Portuguese star to the Bernabeu.

Kanye famously jumped on stage in New York to declare that Beyonce should have won the Best Female Video prize which had just gone to Swift (pictured).

It's been 10 years since she won the VMA for Best Female Video at the MTV Video Music Awards. Fresh off the release of her latest album Lover, Taylor Swift is sharing an excerpt from her diary.

The former AFL star, 39, tried on his wife Alex's royal blue gown from the 2009 Brownlow Medal while carrying out household chores on Thursday

Stone quarries, brick kilns, sand mining and silk weaving are stealing SC/ST children out of school in Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur districts of Tamilnadu. Krithika Ramalingam reports on the hard reality these children face.

The MoEF's assessment of the environment, which should be the foundation for strategic planning in the ministry, is highly inadequate, and is a poor second to similar efforts by environmentalists themselves, writes Shripad Dharmadhikary.

'Rahul is not in a hurry. He believes he has time on his side. He wants to fight the battle in the long term, and believes the only way to do it is to reinvent the organisation.'

The current national elections have set high standards in management, organization, transparency and fair selection of people's representatives. Now, the chosen representatives must understand that people have voted for governance, writes Arvind Verma.

India begins 2009 from a position of strength. But how it approaches security issues in the internaland external security planes will determine how it ends the year, writes Firdaus Ahmed.

The NSE Nifty 50 index advanced 3.11 per cent to 9,850.3 by 0455 GMT, while the benchmark S&P BSE Sensex was up 3.1 per cent at 33,734.26. Both indexes were on course for their fourth straight session of gains in a holiday shortened week.

A number of senior players "deliberately under-performed" during Pakistan's 2009 ODI series against New Zealand in the UAE because they were unhappy with Younis Khan's captaincy, former pacer Rana Naved-ul-Hasan has alleged.

KG-OSN-2009/3

Interview with Mary M. McDermott, MD, author of Treadmill Exercise and Resistance Training in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease With and Without Intermittent Claudication. Summary Points: 1. Supervised treadmill exercise improves walking performance for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), whether or not the patient has classic symptoms of intermittent claudication. 2. Supervised lower extremity strength training improves quality of life, stair climbing ability, and treadmill walking performance for PAD patients with and without intermittent claudication. 3. Supervised treadmill walking exercise improves brachial arterial flow mediated dilation in patients with PAD, suggesting a global cardiovascular health benefit.

Interview with Steven A. Schroeder, MD, author of A 51-Year-Old Woman With Bipolar Disorder Who Wants to Quit Smoking. Summary Points: 1. Smoking is extremely common among persons with mental illness and exerts a huge toll in terms of morbidity and mortality. 2. We are now in the midst of a culture change. Formerly smoking was an integral part of the mental health culture and smoking cessation was not deemed pertinent. Now it is evolving into an important component of mental health and wellness. 3. Most smokers who have mental illness would like to quit. And many are able to do so, using the standard smoking cessation techniques used for the general population. There is still much more to know, but we know enough to encourage persons with mental illness to stop smoking and to provide them the tools to do so.

Interview with Michael K. Kearney, MD, author of Self-care of Physicians Caring for Patients at the End of Life. Summary Points: 1. Burnout and compassion fatigue are fundamentally different phenomena. Understanding the difference is helpful for effective intervention. 2. Investments in self-awareness and self-care are sound business strategies that can be expected to reduce staff turnover and increase patient satisfaction. 3. Mindfulness meditation and reflective writing have both been shown to increase self-awareness and self-care. They are among a number of strategies that can be built into clinical practice to prevent burnout and compassion fatigue.

Interview with Lisa A. Cooper, MD, author of A 41-Year-Old African American Man With Poorly Controlled Hypertension. Summary Points: 1. Cardiovascular disease accounts for 35% of the excess mortality in African Americans, in large part because of hypertension. 2. Racial disparities in physicians' clinical decision-making and in quality of care for cardiovascular disease have been documented extensively; studies also show racial differences in patient-physician communication, particularly when the patient and physician come from different racial backgrounds, and unconscious racial biases among physicians. 3. A categorical approach that lumps patients of particular cultural backgrounds into groups and outlines their characteristics values, customs and beliefs may lead to over-simplication and stereotyping. Instead, an understanding of broad cultural concepts and skills that emphasize a patient-centered approach are preferred. This approach takes into account the individual patients' explanatory model, illness agenda and behaviors, and social context, and attitudes and skills with regard to negotiating treatment. It also includes participatory behaviors such as asking open-ended questions, using reflective listening, and avoiding arguments in which one tries to change the patient's views. 4. Systematic reviews of interventions to improve patient adherence to treatments for hypertension show that simplifying dosing regimens is most effective; using motivational strategies such as home monitoring, small-group training, counseling by a nurse or other professional, and reminder calls for patients are somewhat effective; and patient education alone is not effective. Quality improvement strategies for hypertension management show team change interventions that include assignment of some responsibilities to a health professional other than the patient's physician (such as a nurse or pharmacist) are associated with the largest reductions in blood pressure. Improvement in patient-physician communication is linked to improved outcomes for mental health; more studies are needed that examine how patient-physician communication may improve hypertension control and other physiologic measures.

Interview with Peter H. Hwang, MD, author of A 51-Year-Old Woman With Acute Onset of Facial Pressure, Rhinorrhea, and Tooth Pain. Summary Points: 1. There are now published consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. 2. Acute viral rhinosinusitis and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis can be difficult to distinguish in the first 10 days of symptoms. 3. Radiologic imaging is often "positive" in both viral and bacterial etiologies of acute sinusitis and therefore cannot be used to distinguish the two. 4. Oral antibiotics when prescribed appropriately confer a higher rate of partial or complete resolution of acute sinusitis symptoms compared to placebo. However, it should be noted that the spontaneous rate of resolution of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis may be as high as 40-60%. 5. Adjunctive therapies such as topical and oral decongestants may offer symptomatic relief but have not been proven to shorten the duration of illness.

Interview with Charles M. Morin, PhD, author of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Singly and Combined with Medication, for Persistent Insomnia. Summary Points: 1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for chronic insomnia and can help reduce medication treatment for this condition. 2. Clinicians can be successfully trained in CBT. 3. CBT works well alone for insomnia and while medication treatment may help early in the course of this condition, it has not advantages for long term use.

Interview with John P. Forman, MD, MSc, author of Diet and Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated With Incident Hypertension in Women. Summary Points: 1. At an individual level, combining healthy lifestyle factors may substantially reduce the risk of developing hypertension; according to the findings of the study, women who followed 6 healthy factors had nearly an 80% reduction in risk. 2. At a population level, a large fraction of all new cases of hypertension could hypothetically be prevented if all individuals in the population followed combinations of healthy lifestyle factors; according to the findings of the study, this fraction may is 78%. 3. Given that hypertension is a leading cause of preventable death in the population, and given that the majority of hypertension may be preventable through lifestyle modification, efforts should be intensified to improve lifestyle as a means of improving public health.

Interview with Thomas H. Gallagher, MD, author of A 62-Year-Old Woman With Skin Cancer Who Experienced Wrong-Site Surgery. Summary Points: 1. Errors and adverse events are common, and disclosure of these events to patients is recommended but often does not take place. 2. Physician fear of litigation inhibits disclosure, but so does physicians' lack of confidence in their communication skills and concern that disclosure might be harmful to the patient. 3. Important future developments in the field include linking disclosure with offers of compensation, and using performance improvement tools to enhance the disclosure process.

Interview with John Iskander, MD, author of Postlicensure Safety Surveillance for Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine. Summary Points: 1. Since quadrivalent HPV vaccine was licensed in June 2006, more than 23 million doses have been administered nationally. 2. There were a total of 12,424 reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) of adverse events following HPV vaccination through December 2008. The vast majority (94%) of adverse events reported to VAERS after receiving this vaccine have not been considered serious. The findings of this first published post-licensure safety review were generally not different from what is seen in safety reviews of other vaccines recommended for 9 to 26 year olds. 3. The most common events reported were syncope, local reactions at the site of immunization (pain and redness), dizziness, nausea, and headache.

Interview with Michael S. Krasner, MD, author of Association of an Educational Program in Mindful Communication With Burnout, Empathy, and Attitudes Among Primary Care Physicians. Summary Points: 1. Burnout is prevalent among physicians, and has untoward effects not only on the physicians themselves but also on the quality of the care they provide to their patients. 2. Mindful Communication training among a group of primary care physicians resulted in not only improvements in burnout and measures of well-being, but also improvements in markers of relationship-centered care to their patients. 3. Mindful Communication should be considered among a menu of continuing medical education opportunities available for physicians to enhance well-being, meaning, and interpersonal relationships in the practice of medicine.

Interview with Laura Esserman, MD, MBA, author of Rethinking Screening for Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer. Summary Points: 1. The effectiveness of screening depends on the underlying biology of cancer. Routine mammographic screening works best for slow to moderate growth tumors, most common in women 50-74 and explains why the Preventive Services guidelines actually make sense. 2. There are ways that we can improve screening today. Trained mammographers find the most cancers and have the fewest false positives. Offering follow-up as an option for low risk mammographic lesions will decrease false positives. Screening the populations who benefit most will also avoid false positives and overdiagnosis in those who benefit less from screening. The prostate cancer risk calculator is a good tool to use to determine whether to do a biopsy. 3. We can and must do better. Mammography and PSA testing can detect very low risk cancers, and these cancers can be less aggressively treated. Tools are available to distinguish these low risk cancers. The most aggressive cancers often present between normal screens, so women with new masses, regardless of a recent normal mammogram should be evaluated. Men and women at high risk to develop breast and prostate cancer should consider prevention interventions. Future screening should be developed to reduce mortality from the highest risk cancers.

Interview with Hussein Hollands, MD, MSc, author of Acute-Onset Floaters and Flashes: Is This Patient at Risk for Retinal Detachment? Summary Points: 1. The most likely cause of acute onset monocular floaters or flashes is posterior vitreous detachment. If left untreated, vitreous detachment complicated by retinal tear can progress to vision-threatening retinal detachment. 2. A minimum approach to evaluating a patient with suspected posterior vitreous detachment should include a history of change in vision or curtain of darkness, measurement of visual acuity, and assessment of confrontational visual fields. 3. High-risk features for retinal tear in the setting of acute posterior vitreous detachment are subjective or objective visual acuity loss, monocular visual field loss (or curtain of darkness), and vitreous pigment or hemorrhage on slit-lamp examination. Patients with any of these clinical findings should be referred for same day ophthalmology assessment.

Interview with David Reuben, MD, author of Medical Care for the Final Years of Life. Summary Points: 1. When caring for older patients, the conventional evidence-based approach is modified by 3 important caveats: prognosis, insufficient evidence, and patient goals and preferences. 2. Conceptually, the care of older persons can be divided into 3 time frames: short term, which focuses on remediating the current problems; mid-range, focusing on preventive and foreseeable problems; and long-range, which focus on eventual decline and living arrangements. 3. Individual clinicians need to structure their practices to efficiently and comprehensively accommodate the diverse needs of elderly patients.

Interview with Frank Davidoff, MD, author of Heterogeneity Is Not Always Noise. Summary Points: 1. A clinical trial is a powerful tool for showing whether an intervention works, but the heterogeneity of trial participants means it may be a mistake to assume that the overall (or group) benefit of an intervention found in such a trial is the same for every participant. 2. The absolute benefit of an intervention is greater for trial participants-and for patients generally-whose baseline risk for a bad outcome is high than it is for those whose baseline risk is low. 3. A quality improvement program in any one organization is like an individual patient in the sense that it is highly complex, it is unstable (ie, changes over time), and its local circumstances are unique. It is thus hard-although not impossible-to judge whether a quality improvement program in any particular setting actually works and to know whether it would work elsewhere.

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The post fell vacant when Banerjee retired in 2009.

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O'Neill, Bernadette, author

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Madeira, Laura

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