This paper focusses on the link between urbanisation and consumption behaviour in China.

Greater international integration has modified the transmission channels and the impact that external shocks have on domestic economies via increased trade openness and exposure to global financial developments.

Imports in China decreased to 1549.43 USD HML in April from 1652.13 USD HML in March of 2020. Imports in China averaged 562.78 USD HML from 1981 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1951.34 USD HML in September of 2018 and a record low of 13.88 USD HML in February of 1983. In 2019 imports to China fell 2.7 percent, the first yearly decline in three years, on weak domestic demand and persistent trade tensions with the US. Machinery and transport equipment accounted for 38 percent of total imports on the back of electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances (21 percent), road vehicles (4 percent), telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment (3 percent), and office machines and automatic data processing machines (3 percent). Other important categories were: mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials (17 percent) led by petroleum, petroleum products and related materials (13 percent) and gas, natural and manufactured (3 percent); crude materials, inedible, except fuels (14 percent), such as metalliferous ores and metal scrap (9 percent); chemicals and related products (11 percent) due to organic chemicals (3 percent) and plastics in primary forms (3 percent); miscellaneous manufactured articles (7 percent); manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (7 percent); and food and live animals (4 percent). The biggest source of imports was the EU (13 percent of imports) of which Germany (5 percent) and France (2 percent), followed by South Korea, Taiwan, Japan (8 percent each), the US and Australia (6 percent each), Brazil (4 percent), Malaysia, Vietnam, Russia and Saudi Arabia (3 percent each), and Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia (2 percent each). This page provides - China Imports - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Core consumer prices in China increased 1.20 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Core Inflation Rate in China averaged 1.38 percent from 2008 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2.50 percent in June of 2011 and a record low of -1.60 percent in August of 2009. In China, the core inflation rate tracks changes in prices that consumers pay for a basket of goods which excludes some volatile price items. This page provides - China Core Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Country notes highlight some key findings from TALIS 2013 for individual countries and economies

Urbanisation in China has long been held back by various restrictions on land and internal migration but has taken off since the 1990s, as these impediments started to be gradually relaxed. People have moved in large numbers to richer cities, where productivity is higher and has increased further thanks to agglomeration effects.

China needs a new model of urbanisation to match the shift to a new model of growth. For decades, both urbanisation and growth have been based on robust export demand, cheap labour, cheap land and artificially low pricing of environmental externalities. None of these can support growth or urban development in the future.

Blog post reviewing the recent trends in the use of social media by governments. The article includes a look at the the top 30 government Twitter a/c's and the fastest growing accounts.

TThe economic literature suggests that a revenue-neutral shift of tax revenues from income taxes to property taxes would increase GDP per capita in the medium term. This paper analyses for Ireland the consequences of such a shift in the tax mix.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, and the 2008 financial meltdown—whose aftershocks are still reverberating globally—have at least one trait in common: they reflected breakdowns in the regulatory process. This is not to say that the principal industry actors in both catastrophes were mere bystanders, but with better regulatory oversight, the disasters could have been prevented.

Beijing, 24 October 2014 - China presented guidelines intended to provide a roadmap for the responsible business conduct of Chinese companies operating overseas. In addition, China and the OECD signed a Memorandum of Understanding to promote the implementation by Chinese companies of responsible business conduct in global mineral supply chains.

In a historic visit by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang to the OECD in Paris, the People’s Republic of China today decided to enhance longstanding collaboration with the OECD and to join the OECD Development Centre.

This public consultation is being held to gather comments on the draft Chinese Due Diligence Guidelines for Responsible Mineral Supply Chains. They are intended to align Chinese company due diligence with international standards and allow for mutual recognition with existing international initiatives and legislations.

30/01/2018 - The China National Textile and Apparel Council (CNTAC) and the OECD today signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that sets out their commitment to intensify co-operation to promote responsible business in global textile and apparel supply chains.

Imports from China in Brazil decreased to 2057 USD Million in April from 2464 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from China in Brazil averaged 2620.03 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 5152 USD Million in January of 2020 and a record low of 1430.94 USD Million in April of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from China.

Exports to China in Brazil increased to 7079 USD Million in April from 6082 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to China in Brazil averaged 1479.80 USD Million from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 7079 USD Million in April of 2020 and a record low of 7.56 USD Million in February of 1990. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to China.

Household Saving Rate in China decreased to 36.10 percent in 2016 from 37.10 percent in 2015. Personal Savings in China averaged 33.59 percent from 1992 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 39 percent in 2010 and a record low of 27.20 percent in 2002. In China, net household saving is defined as the subtraction of household consumption expenditure from household disposable income, plus the change in net equity of households in pension funds. Household saving is the main domestic source of funds to finance capital investment, a major impetus for long-term economic growth. This indicator is measured as a percentage of household disposable income. This page provides - China Deposits Interest Rates - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

China scored 41 points out of 100 on the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Index in China averaged 34.75 Points from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 41 Points in 2017 and a record low of 21.60 Points in 1995. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). This page provides the latest reported value for - China Corruption Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Loans to Private Sector in China increased to 51500 CNY HML in March from 8554 CNY HML in February of 2020. Loans to Private Sector in China averaged 10832.42 CNY HML from 2002 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 51500 CNY HML in March of 2020 and a record low of -974 CNY HML in October of 2005. In China, loans to private sector refer to total social financing, that is, the volume of financing provided by the financial system to the real economy (domestic non-financial enterprises and households) during a certain period of time. Total social financing is a broad measure of credit and liquidity in the economy as it includes off-balance sheet forms of financing such as initial public offerings, loans from trust companies and bond sales. This page provides - China Loans To Private Sector - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

China is the 80 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Rank in China averaged 69.88 from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 100 in 2014 and a record low of 40 in 1995. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries and territories in the index. This page provides the latest reported value for - China Corruption Rank - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Corporate Profits in China increased to 781450 CNY Million in March from 410700 CNY Million in February of 2020. Corporate Profits in China averaged 1709740.30 CNY Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 7518710 CNY Million in December of 2017 and a record low of 1617 CNY Million in February of 1998. In China, corporate profits refer to total profits of all state-owned industrial enterprises and non-state-owned industrial enterprises with the annual sales revenue above 5 million yuan. This page provides - China Corporate Profits- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Crude Oil Production in China increased to 3923 BBL/D/1K in January from 3782 BBL/D/1K in December of 2019. Crude Oil Production in China averaged 3006.59 BBL/D/1K from 1973 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4408 BBL/D/1K in June of 2015 and a record low of 1012 BBL/D/1K in February of 1973. This page provides the latest reported value for - China Crude Oil Production - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Industrial Production in China decreased 1.10 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Industrial Production in China averaged 11.76 percent from 1990 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 29.40 percent in August of 1994 and a record low of -21.10 percent in January of 1990. In China, industrial production measures the output of businesses integrated in industrial sector of the economy such as manufacturing, mining, and utilities. This page provides - China Industrial Production - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Electricity Production in China decreased to 552500 Gigawatt-hour in March from 654400 Gigawatt-hour in December of 2019. Electricity Production in China averaged 235205.46 Gigawatt-hour from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 668200 Gigawatt-hour in August of 2019 and a record low of 41760 Gigawatt-hour in February of 1989. This page provides - China Electricity Production- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Industrial Production in China increased 32.13 percent in March of 2020 over the previous month. Industrial Production Mom in China averaged 0.63 percent from 2011 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 32.13 percent in March of 2020 and a record low of -24.91 percent in February of 2020. In China, industrial production measures the output of businesses integrated in industrial sector of the economy such as manufacturing, mining, and utilities. This page provides the latest reported value for - China Industrial Production Mom - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

GDP From Transport in China decreased to 7865 CNY HML in the first quarter of 2020 from 42802.10 CNY HML in the fourth quarter of 2019. GDP From Transport in China averaged 9504.91 CNY HML from 1992 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 42802.10 CNY HML in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 393.20 CNY HML in the first quarter of 1992. China Gdp From Transport includes Transport, Storage and Post industries. The value is cumulative. This page provides - China Gdp From Transport- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Car Production in China increased to 1049000 Units in March from 195000 Units in February of 2020. Car Production in China averaged 1269097.13 Units from 2005 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2669100 Units in November of 2017 and a record low of 195000 Units in February of 2020. This page provides - China Car Production- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in China decreased to 50.80 points in April from 52 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in China averaged 51.67 points from 2005 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 59.20 points in April of 2008 and a record low of 35.70 points in February of 2020. In China, the NBS Manufacturing Purchasing Manager Index measures the performance of the manufacturing sector and is derived from a survey of more large-scale, state-owned companies. The Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index is based on five individual indexes with the following weights: New Orders (30 percent), Output (25 percent), Employment (20 percent), Suppliers’ Delivery Times (15 percent) and Stock of Items Purchased (10 percent), with the Delivery Times index inverted so that it moves in a comparable direction. A reading above 50 indicates an expansion of the manufacturing sector compared to the previous month; below 50 represents a contraction; while 50 indicates no change. . This page provides - China Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

China 10Y Bond Yield was 2.64 percent on Saturday May 9, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Historically, the China Government Bond 10Y reached an all time high of 4.80 in September of 2007. Generally, a government bond is issued by a national government and is denominated in the country`s own currency. Bonds issued by national governments in foreign currencies are normally referred to as sovereign bonds. The yield required by investors to loan funds to governments reflects inflation expectations and the likelihood that the debt will be repaid.

China recorded a Government Budget deficit equal to 2.80 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2019. Government Budget in China averaged -2.22 percent of GDP from 1988 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 0.58 percent of GDP in 2007 and a record low of -4.20 percent of GDP in 2018. Government Budget is an itemized accounting of the payments received by government (taxes and other fees) and the payments made by government (purchases and transfer payments). A budget deficit occurs when an government spends more money than it takes in. The opposite of a budget deficit is a budget surplus. This page provides - China Government Budget - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Import Prices in China increased to 97.90 points in December from 96.10 points in November of 2019. Import Prices in China averaged 103.74 points from 1993 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 122.70 points in August of 2008 and a record low of 79.60 points in May of 2009. In China, Import Prices correspond to the rate of change in the prices of goods and services purchased by residents of that country from, and supplied by, foreign sellers. Import Prices are heavily affected by exchange rates. This page provides the latest reported value for - China Import Prices - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Households Debt in China increased to 55.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 54.40 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in China averaged 32.39 percent of GDP from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 55.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 10.80 percent of GDP in the second quarter of 2006. This page provides - China Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Exports of Machinery & Equipment CMLV in Russia increased to 2824 USD Million in February from 1557.10 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports of Machinery & Equipment CMLV in Russia averaged 8395.17 USD Million from 1994 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 29059.81 USD Million in December of 2018 and a record low of 237.20 USD Million in January of 1994. Russia accounts for Exports of Machinery & Equipment using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports of Machinery & Equipment CMLV.

Exports to China CMLV in Russia increased to 9239.90 USD Million in February from 3948.80 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports to China CMLV in Russia averaged 16366.38 USD Million from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 56791.60 USD Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 741.30 USD Million in January of 2010. Russia accounts for Exports to China using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports to China.

The Corporate Tax Rate in China stands at 25 percent. Corporate Tax Rate in China averaged 28.67 percent from 1997 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 33 percent in 1998 and a record low of 25 percent in 2008. In China, the Corporate Income tax rate is a tax collected from companies. Its amount is based on the net income companies obtain while exercising their business activity, normally during one business year. The benchmark we use refers to the highest rate for Corporate Income. Revenues from the Corporate Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of China. This page provides - China Corporate Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Producer Prices in China decreased 1.50 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Producer Prices Change in China averaged 1.22 percent from 1995 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 13.47 percent in July of 1995 and a record low of -8.20 percent in July of 2009. In China, producer prices change measures the average annual change in price of goods and services sold by manufacturers and producers in the wholesale market during a given period. This page provides the latest reported value for - China Producer Prices Change - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Manufacturing PMI in China decreased to 49.40 points in April from 50.10 points in March of 2020. Manufacturing PMI in China averaged 49.85 points from 2011 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 52.30 points in January of 2013 and a record low of 40.30 points in February of 2020. In China, the Caixin Manufacturing PMI Purchasing Managers' Index measures the performance of the manufacturing sector and is derived from a survey of private 430 industrial companies. The Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index is based on five individual indexes with the following weights: New Orders (30 percent), Output (25 percent), Employment (20 percent), Suppliers’ Delivery Times (15 percent) and Stock of Items Purchased (10 percent), with the Delivery Times index inverted so that it moves in a comparable direction. A reading above 50 indicates an expansion of the manufacturing sector compared to the previous month; below 50 represents a contraction; while 50 indicates no change. This page provides the latest reported value for - China Manufacturing PMI - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Exports of Kcs - General Machinery in South Korea decreased to 301000 USD THO in April from 484000 USD THO in March of 2020. Exports of Kcs - General Machinery in South Korea averaged 2657587.21 USD THO from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4566000 USD THO in April of 2015 and a record low of 204000 USD THO in January of 2020. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Korea Exports of Kcs - General Machinery.

Exports to China in South Korea decreased to 10209000 USD THO in April from 10734332 USD THO in March of 2020. Exports to China in South Korea averaged 11679444.66 USD THO from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 14767041 USD THO in October of 2018 and a record low of 8643022 USD THO in February of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Korea Exports to China.

Exports of Kcs - Wireless Communication Machine in South Korea decreased to 807000 USD THO in April from 1208000 USD THO in March of 2020. Exports of Kcs - Wireless Communication Machine in South Korea averaged 2192558.14 USD THO from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3981000 USD THO in October of 2008 and a record low of 807000 USD THO in April of 2020. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Korea Exports of Kcs - Wireless Communication Machine.

Imports from China in South Korea increased to 9618000 USD THO in April from 8949198 USD THO in March of 2020. Imports from China in South Korea averaged 8101623.01 USD THO from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 10331741 USD THO in January of 2019 and a record low of 5552921 USD THO in February of 2020. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Korea Imports from China.

China One-Year Medium-Term Lending Facility Rate was at 2.95 percent on Friday May 8. Bank Lending Rate in China averaged 3.19 percent from 2016 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3.30 percent in April of 2018 and a record low of 2.95 percent in April of 2020. In China, the One-Year Medium-Term Lending Facility Rate is the main rate at which the central bank lends to big commercial banks. The MLF rate acts as a guide for the PBOC’s new lending benchmark, the Loan Prime Rate (LPR). This page provides - China Prime Lending Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Imports from China (non Oil & Gas) in Indonesia increased to 2984.60 USD Million in March from 1984.40 USD Million in February of 2020. Imports from China (non Oil & Gas) in Indonesia averaged 3021.88 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4447.60 USD Million in May of 2018 and a record low of 1798 USD Million in July of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Indonesia Imports from China (non Oil & Gas).

Exports to China (non Oil & Gas) in Indonesia increased to 1980.40 USD Million in March from 1865.70 USD Million in February of 2020. Exports to China (non Oil & Gas) in Indonesia averaged 1630.39 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2766.50 USD Million in October of 2019 and a record low of 886.70 USD Million in January of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for Indonesia Exports to China (non Oil & Gas).

Households Debt in China increased to 99.90 percent of gross income in 2018 from 93.40 percent in 2017. Households Debt To Income in China averaged 96.65 Percent from 2017 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 99.90 Percent in 2018 and a record low of 93.40 Percent in 2017. This page provides - China Households Debt To Income- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Manufacturing in China increased to 72088 CNY/Year in 2018 from 64452 CNY/Year in 2017. Wages in Manufacturing in China averaged 16549.61 CNY/Year from 1978 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 72088 CNY/Year in 2018 and a record low of 597 CNY/Year in 1978. This page provides - China Average Yearly Wages in Manufacturing - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Minimum Wages in China increased to 2480 CNY/Month in 2019 from 2420 CNY/Month in 2018. Minimum Wages in China averaged 1567.14 CNY/Month from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2480 CNY/Month in 2019 and a record low of 690 CNY/Month in 2006. In China, minimum wage refers to the minimum monthly wage in Shanghai (as it is the highest figure). It was introduced in 1994 but was only implemented in March 2004. China does not set on minimum wage for the entire nation. Instead, each province, city or other administrative units sets its own minimum wage according to its local economic conditions. The minimum wage is divided into two kinds: monthly minimum wage applies to full-time workers and hourly minimum wage applies to part-time workers. . This page provides - China Minimum Wages- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Mining production in China increased 4.20 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Mining Production in China averaged 1.83 percent from 2013 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 8.10 percent in September of 2019 and a record low of -6.50 percent in January of 2020. This page provides - China Mining Production- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in China increased to 82461 CNY/Year in 2018 from 74318 CNY/Year in 2017. Wages in China averaged 11814.85 CNY/Year from 1952 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 82461 CNY/Year in 2018 and a record low of 445 CNY/Year in 1952. In China, average wage refers to average wage in money terms per person during a certain period of time for staff and workers in enterprises, institutions, and government agencies, which reflects the general level of wage income during a certain period of time. This page provides - China Average Yearly Wages - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Core Consumer Prices in China decreased to 101 points in February from 101.50 points in January of 2020. Core Consumer Prices in China averaged 101.39 points from 2008 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 102.50 points in June of 2011 and a record low of 98.40 points in August of 2009. This page provides - China Core Consumer Prices - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.