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Transcriptomic Correlates of State Modulation in GABAergic Interneurons: A Cross-Species Analysis

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons comprise many subtypes that differ in their molecular, anatomical, and functional properties. In mouse visual cortex, they also differ in their modulation with an animal’s behavioral state, and this state modulation can be predicted from the first principal component (PC) of the gene expression matrix. Here, we ask whether this link between transcriptome and state-dependent processing generalizes across species. To this end, we analysed seven single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing datasets from mouse, human, songbird, and turtle forebrains. Despite homology at the level of cell types, we found clear differences between transcriptomic PCs, with greater dissimilarities between evolutionarily distant species. These dissimilarities arise from two factors: divergence in gene expression within homologous cell types and divergence in cell-type abundance. We also compare the expression of cholinergic receptors, which are thought to causally link transcriptome and state modulation. Several cholinergic receptors predictive of state modulation in mouse interneurons are differentially expressed between species. Circuit modelling and mathematical analyses suggest conditions under which these expression differences could translate into functional differences.




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These 17 Pictures Tell the Stories of Black Athletes in America

A new book from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture shows the images and impacts of athletes on and off the playing field




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How an Indigenous Weaver’s Mastery of Color Infuses Her Tapestries With a Life Force

The work of Diné artist DY Begay, now on view at the National Museum of the American Indian, blends tradition and modernity




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Nutrition and food safety remain top priorities for FAO and WHO

FAO and the World Health Organization (WHO) will continue to work closely on nutrition, food safety and antimicrobial resistance issues, FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva and WHO Director Margaret [...]




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Countries recognize vital role of small-scale fishers

Countries today endorsed a set of wide-reaching guidelines that will boost the already vital [...]




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Morocco's first South-South Cooperation agreement to benefit Guinea and other countries in Africa

Building on previous efforts, the Kingdom of Morocco will offer technical assistance to the Republic of Guinea through a South-South Cooperation Tripartite Agreement signed today at FAO headquarters by FAO [...]




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FAO Director-General to visit 7 countries and to attend 3 multilateral conferences in the next seven weeks

FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva will be away from Rome during the next few weeks. During this period he will be involved in a range of [...]




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Rome Based Agencies making an impact in Burkina Faso

FAO, IFAD and WFP/Burkina [...]




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Register now and be part of the television audience: RAI3 documentary series at FAO

Scala Mercalli hosted by Italian environmentalist Luca Mercalli begins filming in the Sheikh Zayed Centre in FAO this week! 

Episodes will be shot in front of a live audience every Thursday [...]




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EL PAÍS, Maria Helena Semedo: “Agriculture should be integrated in climate change policies”

MANUEL PLANELLES, EL PAÍS, Paris- “Agriculture is seen as a threat in the fight against climate change,” Maria Helena Semedo warns. The Deputy Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization [...]




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More than 100 Professional vacancies at FAO being issued

Over 100 professional vacancies are in the process of being released and opened for applications. They cover mainly technical areas of work in headquarters and regional offices.

In addition, global calls [...]




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International symposium on agricultural biotechnologies

February’s international symposium, entitled “The role of agricultural biotechnologies in sustainable food systems and nutrition”, will explore how the application of science and technology, and particularly agricultural biotechnologies, can benefit [...]




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FAO to provide UN Security Council with regular analysis of food security statuses in countries in conflict

New York- FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva and the President of the UN Security Council (UNSC), Ambassador Ismael Gaspar Martins, have concurred upon the importance of using FAO’s regular [...]




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Statement of the FAO Secretariat under agenda item 12 “Proposal of the Republic of Korea for the establishment of an FAO World Fisheries University”

Mr Chairman,

I wish to convey, through you, to the Committee on Fisheries, the considered views of the FAO Secretariat on the item on the proposed Fisheries University.  

So far, the [...]




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FAO tapped to lead a global dialogue to mainstream biodiversity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries

Cancun, Mexico. On [...]




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Launch of a series of Activity Books for young people

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has the pleasure to inform the Permanent Representatives of the launch of a series of Activity Books for young people. [...]




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Informal Seminar: Human resources policies

Informal Seminar: Human resources policies - Invitation for all Permanent Representatives

 Friday, 12 October 2018 - 15.00 to 17.30 (Green Room)





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FAO launches new space on FAO.org to showcase Member Countries

Over the last twenty years, the FAO corporate website has expanded to meet diverse Organizational needs and promote the work of divisions and country offices across FAO. When Director [...]




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World Fisheries Day

The Holy See and the FAO join hands again to celebrate the World Fisheries Day.

The celebrations, which this year mark the 75th Anniversary of the FAO and the [...]




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New FAO publications series catalogue out now

This user-friendly catalogue presents FAO’s major publications series. It features all of the most active series, both new and long-standing, and is divided into areas of work, including agriculture, forestry, [...]




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Ukraine: FAO scales up to support rural families, safeguard food security

Team on ground regrouped; strengthened with surge personnel; Declaration of corporate scale-up response




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The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) 2022

The 2022 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture coincides with the launch of the Decade of Action to deliver the Global Goals, the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science [...]





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FAO GLOBEFISH Celebrates 40 years of impact on global fisheries and aquaculture trade

For the past four decades, FAO GLOBEFISH has been a cornerstone of global fisheries and aquaculture market analysis. Since its inception in 1984, the project has provided [...]




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Advancing sustainable inland fisheries and aquaculture in Europe: EIFAAC hosts 32nd Session and International Symposium

The European Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisory Commission (EIFAAC) is dedicated to the sustainable development and responsible management of European inland fisheries and aquaculture. In line with the [...]




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The Astonishing Spying Capabilities of This U.S. Satellite

The "Manned Orbiting Laboratory," or "MOL," was built to capture high-resolution images of Soviet targets on the ground. It was so advanced, it could pick up objects on earth as small as a baseball




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What Happens When Galaxies Collide?

In about four billion years from now, the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will crash together Visualization: NASA, ESA, and F. Summers, STScI Simulation credit: NASA, ESA, G. Besla, Columbia University, and R. van der Marel, STScI




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Was This Cave an Ancient Lab for Preserving Human Bodies?

A series of remarkably well-preserved human remains in a remote cave in Scotland has archaeologists grappling with a staggering question: were these bodies brought here during the Bronze Age to be mummified?




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The Invisible Enemy Wiping Out Entire Species of Frogs

To save a species from extinction, scientists scour the Panamanian jungle for the few remaining frogs. But will they be too late?




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Indiana's Secret Parties and Perfect Popcorn

A large portion of Indiana's economy relies on an invaluable crop: corn. Popcorn plants like Pop Weaver have perfected the production of our favorite movie snack down to a science.




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One of the Strangest, Stealthiest Turtles You've Ever Seen

A mata mata turtle can go 15 minutes between breaths--it's another one of the Smithsonian's National Zoo's many unique animals. Join the Zoo's experts for an inside look at some of its 2,000 rare and extraordinary creatures.




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This Millipede is the Leggiest Creature in the World

The newly discovered Lllacme plenipes has up to 750 legs, more than any other known creature




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Music in One of the World's Most Violent Cities

Fifteen-year-old Esteban, a clarinetist from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, uses music to survive his chaotic environment Reporting by Dominic Bracco II / Prime and Susana Seijas




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Elevating the Forgotten Histories of Black Women Through Folk Music

The power behind the music of Our Native Daughters comes from giving voice to the struggles of those who came before us—and few have struggled to be heard as much as black women.




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Auschwitz Survivors Tell Their Stories

From the moment they arrived at the concentration camp, Jews and other Holocaust victims were treated like animals, and only a lucky group survived the experience.




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How Americans Got Hooked on Counting Calories More Than A Century Ago

In 1918, Lulu Hunt Peters—one of the first women in America to earn a medical doctorate—published the best seller Diet and Health With Key to the Calories, making a name for herself as an apostle for weight reduction in an era when malnutrition was a far greater public health threat than obesity. She pioneered the idea of measuring food intake via the calorie, which at the time was an obscure unit of measurement familiar only to chemists.  A century later, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db360.htm) that 42 percent of American adults are clinically obese and that Type 2 diabetes is on the rise (https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/p1229-future-diabetes-surge.html) . With those who can afford it now turning to pharmaceuticals to help them lose weight, we’ll examine why and how calorie counting has failed to help Americans maintain a “healthy” weight.  In this episode of “There’s More to That,” we hear from food historian Michelle Stacey about Peters’ legacy—and from Ronald Young Jr., creator and host of the critically acclaimed podcast “Weight For It (https://www.radiotopia.fm/podcasts/weight-for-it) ,” about how American society continues to stigmatize what he calls “fat folks” for reasons that have nothing to do with public, or even individual, health. A transcript is below. To subscribe to “There’s More to That,” and to listen to past episodes on the complex legacy of Sojourner Truth (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-to-separate-fact-from-myth-in-the-extraordinary-story-of-sojourner-truth-180983820/) , how Joan Baez opened the door for Taylor Swift (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/before-beyonce-taylor-swift-ran-world-joan-baez-180983893/) , how machine learning is helping archeologists to read scrolls (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-artificial-intelligence-is-making-2000-year-old-scrolls-readable-again-180984264/) buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius nearly 2,000 years ago and more, find us on Apple Podcasts (https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/theres-more-to-that/id1694965155?ign-itscg=30200&ign-itsct=podcast_box_player) , Spotify (https://open.spotify.com/show/4NYRCRxkYJTLjW71sqYOFv?si=08fa62c3e59d450f&nd=1) or wherever you get your podcasts. Read Michelle Stacey's story about Dr. Lulu Hunt Peters in the June 2024 issue of Smithsonian here (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/doctor-pioneered-counting-calories-century-ago-were-still-dealing-with-consequences-180984282/) . Listen to Ronald Young, Jr.'s podcast "Weight For It" here (https://www.radiotopia.fm/podcasts/weight-for-it) . Find prior episodes of our show here (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/podcast/) . There’s More to That is a production of Smithsonian magazine and PRX Productions. From the magazine, our team is Chris Klimek, Debra Rosenberg and Brian Wolly. From PRX, our team is Jessica Miller, Adriana Rosas Rivera, Genevieve Sponsler, Rye Dorsey, and Edwin Ochoa. The Executive Producer of PRX Productions is Jocelyn Gonzales. Fact-checking by Stephanie Abramson. Episode artwork by Emily Lankiewicz. Music by APM Music.




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Wolves Return to the Rockies

Ranchers and wildlife advocates are at odds over how to handle the gray wolf's return to the Rockies




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Biomimicry and Butterflies: How Nature is Inspiring Design and Innovation

More on biomimicry: http://j.mp/RI3OOB Scientists believe the iridescent wings of the morphos butterfly could be used in technology to benefit humans.




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New Hermit Crab Species Pylopaguropsis mollymullerae

This is video of the new hermit crab species Pylopaguropsis mollymullerae taken by Ellen Muller at dive site 'Something Special', southern Caribbean. Credit: Rafael Lemaitre and Ellen Muller




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SmartNews: Animal Spies

The CIA used birds, cats and even dolphins to help them on covert operations.




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New Discoveries at Saqqara

An incredible trove of archaeological artifacts has been unearthed once again at Saqqara—including 100 coffins, and incredibly rare statues dating back 4,500 years.




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Ask Smithsonian: Can Cats Really Make Rats Into Zombies?

The science behind rat zombies




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Home Movies of the Patton Family

The grandson of Gen. George S. Patton shares his family's home movies




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The 1919 World Series Fix That Tarnished America's Pastime

The Chicago White Sox were heavy favorites going into the 1919 World Series. But they were defeated by the Cincinnati Reds - and it soon became clear that the game was rigged




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What Happens When the Colorado River Dries Up?

What happens when one of the nation's largest rivers dries up? Photojournalist Pete McBride tells us about the consequences of a prolonged drought in the Colorado River, which provides drinking water and electricity to millions of Americans, and shares his experience walking the river from end to end. What can we learn from the landscape revealed by the historically low water levels, and will they become the new normal? Read “The Breathtaking Glen Canyon Reveals Its Secrets (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/glen-canyon-reveals-its-secrets-180980754/) ,” photographs & text by Pete McBride, Smithsonian, October 2022. Learn more about Pete and his work at his site (https://petemcbride.com/) . There’s More to That is a production of Smithsonian magazine and PRX Productions. From the magazine, our team is Chris Klimek, Debra Rosenberg and Brian Wolly. From PRX, our team is Jessica Miller, Adriana Rosas Rivera, Genevieve Sponsler, Terence Bernardo, and Edwin Ochoa. The Executive Producer of PRX Productions is Jocelyn Gonzales. Episode artwork by Emily Lankiewicz. Music by APM Music.




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Beetles Destroy Pines in the Rockies

At high elevations in the northern Rockies, mountain pine beetles are killing countless whitebark pine trees, a major source of food for wildlife including grizzly bears




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Behind the Scenes with Gowns of the First Ladies Exhibit

An exhibit about the first ladies reopens at the National Museum of American History, including dresses worn at inaugural balls.




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SmartNews: Fly the Friendly Skies With a Jetpack

Tired of waiting to catch your flight? Then strap on your very own jetpack and off you go!




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The Johnson-Jeffries Fight

Filmed for movie theaters in 1910, the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries was a nationwide phenomenon Narration: T.A. Frail




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Opening Jim Thorpe's Wheaties

Read more about Thorpe: http://j.mp/M9PsXT Smithsonian conservators go to extreme lengths to prepare an iconic box of cereal for display