Wood decay elements include snags, down wood, root wads, tree stumps, litter, duff, broomed or diseased branches, and partially dead trees, all of which contribute to ecological processes and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem. Down wood can serve as reservoirs for moisture and mycorrhizal fungi beneficial to the health and growth of commercial tree species. Decaying wood, leaf litter, small twigs, and roots contribute nutrients and structure to humus and soil organic matter, and host microbes that play beneficial roles in nitrogen cycles and other processes. Snags and down wood provide nurse functions for tree and shrub species, and can aid in restoration of degraded forest environments. Various elements of wood decay provide habitat for many species of wildlife including invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Fire can influence the amounts and distributions of wood decay elements and enhance or detract desired ecosystem processes, depending on severity, charring, soil temperature, and other factors. Managing wood decay elements for ecosystem processes entails better understanding decay dynamics, the role of coarse wood in soil, the role of wood decay in carbon cycling and sequestration, and other considerations.

Mount St. Helens' explosive eruption on May 18, 1980, was a pivotal moment in the field of disturbance ecology.

Martens are small forest carnivores associated with dense, mature forests.

The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) is a threatened coastal bird that feeds on fish and nests in old-growth forests. In northwest Washington, murrelet populations are declining despite protections provided by the Northwest Forest Plan.

The Malheur model for fire-caused delayed mortality is presented as an easily interpreted graph (mortality-probability calculator) as part of a one-page field guide that allows the user to determine postfire probability of mortality for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.).

Two series of single and stereo photographs display a range of natural conditions and fuel loadings in post-hurricane forests in the southeastern United States. Each group of photos includes inventory information summarizing vegetation composition, structure and loading, woody material loading and density by size class, forest floor loading, and various site characteristics. The natural fuels photo series is designed to help land managers appraise fuel and vegetation conditions in natural settings.

We describe a food-based system for quantitatively evaluating habitat quality for deer called the Forage Resource Evaluation System for Habitat and provide its rationale and suggestions for use. The system was developed as a tool for wildlife biologists and other natural resource managers and planners interested in evaluating habitat quality and, especially, comparing two or more patches of habitat or the same patch at different seasons or under different conditions. It is based on the quantity (of biomass) and quality (digestible energy and digestible protein) of the habitat's food resources in relation to user-specified metabolic requirements of deer (which differ with species, age, sex, season, and reproductive status). It uses a linear programming algorithm to determine the suitable forage that can sustain deer at the specified requirements.

Applying a simple method of centering single level variable width, float left menus.

A simplified method of producing a centered dropdown and flyout menu with variable widths depending on text content.

A restyled version that allows dropdowns and flyouts to the left and right. Centered top level list and different color sub levels. Even works in IE5.5.

The fourth in the skeleton menu series restyled to use recent developments to make it work in all versions if IE from IE5.5 to IE8.

Applying the iframe shim fix to the variable width dropdown/flyout menu system. Using expressions to add the iframe and styling.

A photograph gallery using just html/css to switch the contents of an 'object' for browsers that understand and an iframe alternative for IE.

A mixed gallery using just html/css to switch the contents of an 'object'. The content can be text, images, shockwave/flash and quicktime movie.

A version 2 of the dropline, dropdown and flyout hybrid menu.

A droplist menu using top level blocks containing images with text and links.

A method of replacing menu link text with rollover png images that works in IE6 and also degrades well when images are of and/or CSS is off.

A simple multi-level flyout menu with fixed widths and multi-line text.

A dropdown version of the previous multi-line flyout menu

Using the no hacks dropdown system and a little extra styling to produce a dropdown button menu with highlight on hover.

The no hacks, no javascript, no tables and no conditional comments flyout menu with tabbing.

Using CSS3 'general sibling' selector problems when using :hover in Safari and Chrome

A CSS menu with current page override and graphic/information.

Using CSS3 to produce a smooth slidout for a single level menu with siding icons.

A sliding panel demo using CSS3 and IE time:animate for smooth sliding action.

Using CSS3, and a little TIME for Internet Explorer, to produce a vertical sliding menu to rival javascritp/jQuery.

A CSS only answer to javascript/jQuery pull-down information panels (version 2).

A droplist menu with delay action aimed at the Safari Mobile browser (iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch).

Using CSS3 to produce a set of sliding information panels for photo links.

Using CSS3 to produce a Book Shelf menu with animated books.

Using CSS3 to produce a Carousel Slideshow. For Safari, Chrome, Opera and Safari v4 beta ONLY at the moment

Using CSS3 with perspective to animate carousel of slides with auto-run and slide enlarge. For Safari ONLY at the moment

Using CSS3 to produce a Carousel Slideshow. Animation for Safari, Chrome, Opera and Safari v4 beta ONLY at the moment. Now with a click action

Using just CSS to produce a multi-level menu with a click action instead of the normal hover.

Using CSS3 and the latest discoveries and techniques to have a click action image information panels.

A pulldown panel containing a droplist menu using just CSS and suitable for the iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch.

Using CSS3 to animated a set of information panels of varying sizes.

A drop panel menu with multiple configurations, rows, column, galleries flyout/dropdown sub menus, forms, suitable for the iPad, iPhone etc..

A show/hide information panels using click to open and close.

Using CSS3 to animate a left/right click set of information panels with 'jump to panel number' option.

Using just CSS to produce a multi-level menu with a click action instead of the normal hover suitable for the iPad.

A horizontal left/right sliding panels menu with animation and permanent panel changes.

Using just CSS to produce a multi-level menu with a click to open/close action instead of the normal hover suitable for the iPad.

A set of information panels that work on touch screen devices such as iPads, IE10 tablets and Android OS tablets.

A multi-level menu that works on touch screen devices including Android OS.

Another method of producing a multi-level menu that works on touch screen devices including Android OS.

A responsive single level menu that works on touch screen devices including Android OS and IE10.

A couple of single level responsive menus that works in all modern browsers including touch screens and smart phones.

A set of rotating panels using just CSS3.

An alternative to a form select list which can be fully styled.